Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. II.* The effects of independent alterations in total nitrogen and total essential amino acid intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg were infusedper abomasum with milk-based diets containing 259, 209 or 175 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter. The proportion of crude protein supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) was also varied, to provide diets containing 414, 512 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. This allowed an estimation of the effects of independent alterations in total EAA intake and total nitrogen intake on rates of liveweight gain, and on daily nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy intake. At a given proportion of EAA in crude protein, reductions in the EAA intake reduced the rate of liveweight gain, especially when diets contained 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP. At constant EAA intake, rates of liveweight gain were reduced when the nitrogen intake was such that the dietary proportion of EAA departed from 512 g/kg CP. Responses in nitrogen balance were similar to those in liveweight gain except that, at constant EAA intake, increases in nitrogen intake improved nitrogen balance. All nitrogen balance responses were less pronounced than liveweight gain responses. Lambs given diets containing 414 or 613 g EAA/kg CP had lower metabolizable energy intakes. This was not due to reduced metabolizability of apparently digested energy, but to differences in apparently digested energy intake. The relative effects of nitrogen intake and the proportion of crude protein supplied as EAA, on liveweight gain and nitrogen balance are assessed by using three-dimensional representations of the responses. ___________________ Part I,Aust. J. Agric. Res., 28: 917 (1977).

Some aspects of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of boars, gilts and barrows given diets containing different concentrations of protein

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
J. R. Carr ◽  
G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTFour diets which varied in crude protein concentration from 140 to 240 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given to gilts in experiment 1, and two diets containing 140 and 200 g crude protein per kg dry matter were given t o boars and barrows in experiment 2. Two levels of feeding were offered in both experiments and energy and nitrogen balances were measured at 30 and 90 kg live weight in both experiments, and also at 50 kg in experiment 1. Nitrogen intake had a small negative influence on energy retention by pigs of all sexes, an effect which was independent of the large positive effect of metabolizable energy intake. The ratio of metabolizable energy concentration to digestible energy concentration decreased in association with increases in crude protein concentration of the diets. The results show that comparisons of feeds on the basis of their digestible energy concentrations would lead to overestimation of the energy values of those containing high protein concentrations. Live weight (or age) and metabolizable energy intake exerted positive influences on the amount of energy retained per kg live-weight gain, whereas nitrogen intake exerted a negative influence. Values for energy retained per kg live-weight gain predicted from multiple regression equations, together with calculated values for maintenance and net efficiency, were used to predict the energy retention and growth rate of pigs in various circumstances.Nitrogen retention increased in association with increases in nitrogen intake for pigs of all sexes at 30 kg live weight; there was also a corresponding increase for boars at 90kg live weight, but not for gilts or barrows at this weight. Boars retained more nitrogen than did barrows at 30 and 90 kg live weight only if given the diet with the higher concentration of protein.Metabolizable energy intake appeared to exert a small positive influence on the nitrogen retention by pigs of all sexes at 90kg live weight; however, it appeared to have no influence on nitrogen retention by pigs at 30kg live weight.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of wonderful kola (Bucchlozia coriacea) and breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) seeds grown in south–south, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132
Author(s):  
MO Aremu ◽  
DB Passali ◽  
H Ibrahim ◽  
RO Akinyeye
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

The proximate and amino acid compositions of Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The respective proximate composition (%) for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were: Moisture (5.91 and 5.67); ash (4.39 and 5.13); crude fat (4.42 and 2.76); crude protein (12.27 and 14.78); crude fibre (7.10 and 6.27); carbohydrate (65.91 and 65.39). The calculated fatty acids and metabolizable energy for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples were 3.54 and 2.21 %; 1492.60 and 1465.01 kJ/100 g, respectively. The most abundant minerals in Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia were potassium (658.42 and 369.64 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (382.55 and 261.38 mg/100 g), respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids. The total essential amino acids (TEAA) (with His) were 31.14 and 34.40 g/100 g crude protein for the Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea samples, respectively. The first limiting amino acid was Met + Cys (TSAA) for all the samples and calculated isoeletric points (ρl) were 3.52 and 4.05 for Artocarpus altilis and Bucchholzia coriacea, respectively.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(2), 125-132, 2018

Sites of digestion in the calf. I. The digestion of diets containing barley and wheat chaff supplemented with soya bean meal or urea

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Wheat Chaff ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Four Friesian bull calves were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae within 1 week of birth. From 13 weeks of age the calves were fed on one of three diets all containing 17% crude protein. Diet A contained barley, 15% wheat chaff and soya bean meal, diet B barley, 15% wheat chaff and urea, and diet C barley, 45% wheat chaff and soya bean meal. The diets were given for 2 weeks, and on the last day of each feeding period total collections were made of the digesta leaving the abomasum over a 12 hr period. The diets were then changed so that each calf was offered each diet twice. The total apparent digestion of the organic matter in the diet containing 45% wheat straw was less than that of those containing 15% wheat straw. This was due to less digestion in both the stomach and hindgut. The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum, expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen intake, was less when the calves were fed on the diet containing urea (B) than when they were fed on those containing soya bean meal (A and C). Also, a larger proportion of the nitrogen was of microbial origin when they were on diet B. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amino acids flowing from the abomasum was greater than that in the total amino acids present in all diets. Also, the apparent digestion of essential amino acids in the hindgut was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. It is calculated that methionine and threonine may be limiting for the growth of calves given diets A and B, while dietary metabolizable energy intake was probably the first factor limiting the growth of calves on diet C.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance in relation to energy intake in entire male pigs weighing 75 kg

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Dunkin ◽  
J. L. Black ◽  
K. J. James
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Entire Male

1. Nitrogen balance (NB) was determined in entire male pigs weighing 75.6 (SE 0.56) kg and given 1.43 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg live weight (LW)0.75 per d of semi-synthetic liquid diets which varied in crude protein (N x 6.38):ME from 2.5 to 14.5 g/MJ. Maximum NB of 20.8 g/d was reached with diets containing at least 6.2 g protein/MJ ME.2. The relation between energy intake and NB was then examined in pigs of comparable live weight (mean 73.8 (SE 0.39) kg) and receiving a liquid diet not limiting in protein. The diet, containing 10.0 g protein/MJ ME, was given at eight rates from 0.24 MJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d to ad lib. by approximately equal increments. Two animals were allocated to each level and two animals were fasted during the balance period.3. The animals fed ad lib. achieved a mean intake of 1.84 MJ ME/kg LW0.75 per d. NB increased linearly as ME intake increased up to 27.6 MJ/d (1.096 MJ/kg LW0.75per d) but thereafter remained constant at 22.8 g N/d.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the chemical composition of dry dogfoods commercialized in Chile used for growing dogs

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Alvarado ◽  
S.M. Hodgkinson ◽  
D. Alomar ◽  
D. Boroschek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Nutrient Profiles

The nutritional quality of dry dogfood commercialized in Chile for growing dogs was studied. Samples from at least three different batches of 26 dogfood brands were mixed. The resultant samples (n=26) were chemically analyzed to determine their concentrations of dry matter (DM), gross energy, fiber, ash, crude protein, essential amino acids, total fat, linoleic acid and minerals. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of each sample was estimated using modified atwater factors. The results from the chemical analyses were compared with the nutrient profiles published by the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). Dogfoods that were found to contain an estimated ME of over 4,000kcal/kg DM were corrected for their high energy density before comparison. All of the dogfoods contained adequate levels of protein, total fat, linoleic acid, iron, copper, manganese and selenium. The concentration of tryptophan was adequate in 92.3% of the samples. All of the other essential amino acids were present in adequate quantities. However, the situation was different for many of the minerals. Only 92.3% of the dogfoods contained an adequate Ca:P ratio. A total of 96.2% of the dogfoods contained an adequate level of Ca, 96.2% for P, 96.2% for Mg, 92.3% for I, 88.5% for Cl, 80.8% for Na, 80.8% for Zn and only 34.6% were adequate for K content. Overall, only 23% of the dogfoods evaluated in this study fulfilled all of the requirements established by the AAFCO in terms of their content of crude protein, amino acids, total fat, linoleic acid, and minerals. It appears that the majority of the dogfoods evaluated in this study (77%) would not satisfy all nutritional requirements of the growing dog.

Nutritive value of mustard cake derived from seeds of different genetic make up for growing chicks

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Cilly ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
True Protein

SummaryCakes derived from Taramira (Eruca sativa), Raya (Brassica juncea), Toria (B. campestris var. toria) and yellow and brown sarson (B. campestris var. sarson) were evaluated for their contents of crude protein, true protein, essential amino acids, available carbohydrate and tannins. Feeding trials were also conducted to compare the suitability of these cakes with groundnut cake for broilers and White Leghorn chicks up to 4 weeks of age.The crude protein content of Taramira cake was 33% whereas all the other cakes contained 37–38%. True protein accounted for 80–83% of crude protein in all the varieties and albumin and globulin constitutes the bulk of protein. The critical amino acid content of all the brassica seed proteins was found to be higher than that of other vegetable proteins although varietal differences were observed with respect to a few essential amino acids. The hulls accounted for 19% of whole Brassica seed and their removal raised the concentration of protein from 39 to 46% and reduced the crude fibre content from 15 to 6% in the defatted meal. Tannin content was higher in Taramira (1·74%) than in all other varieties (1·0–1·4%) and the major quantity of it was localized in the endosperm. The average metabolizable energy content of all the mustard cakes was 9·62 and 8·75 MJ/kg for meat-type and egg-type chicks, respectively. The nutritive value of Taramira cake was poorer than that of other Brassica cakes or groundnut cake for supporting growth rate of chicks of either breed.

Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. I. The effect of alterations in total essential amino acid intake at constant nitrogen intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg (period 1), 20 kg (period 2) and 30 kg (period 3) were infused per abomasum with milk-based diets in which crude protein (CP) and energy contents were constant at a given Iiveweight, but in which the proportion of CP supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) varied from 120 to 876 g EAA/kg CP. Responses in liveweight gain, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (period 1 only) were measured. A number of lambs died while receiving diets containing very high or very low proportions of EAA. Possible reasons for these deaths are discussed. In all periods liveweight gains were greatest in lambs given the control diet (513 g EAA/kg CP). In period 1 this liveweight gain was close to that expected on the basis of energy intake, but in periods 2 and 3, liveweight gains on the control diets were less than anticipated. Reductions in liveweight gain were greater for diets containing low proportions of EAA than those containing high proportions. The infusion of diets containing low proportions of EAA markedly increased urinary nitrogen excretion. The effect of diets containing high proportions was less pronounced. As a result of these effects, lambs given the control diet had the highest daily nitrogen balance in all periods. Nitrogen balance was less severely affected by the dietary changes than liveweight gain, particularly with 30 kg lambs. It is suggested that the reduced retention of apparently digested nitrogen in diets other than the control diets reflected the unsuitability of the pattern of absorbed amino acids for protein synthesis. The effect of diet on the components of energy balance in period 1 was less pronounced than its effect on nitrogen balance. The metabolizability of apparently digested energy was lower in diets other than the control diet, especially those containing low proportions of EAA. This is attributed to the energy cost of increased urinary nitrogen excretion on such diets. Alternative interpretations of the results are discussed, and it is suggested that dietary amino acids will be utilized most efficiently for protein synthesis by the tissues of the lamb when essential and non-essential amino acids are provided in approximately equal proportions. There was no conclusive evidence that this optimum proportion was different for older lambs.

Effect of protein and energy in the diet of the early-weaned calf on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Three experiments were conducted with 108 male Friesian calves to determine the effect of protein and energy in the diet on the concentration of free amino acids in the plasma. In experiments 1 and 2, the diets contained 12 to 21 per cent crude protein, with urea or meat meal as the protein supplement. The diets were fed with and without sulphur supplementation. In experiment 3, the metabolizable energy content of the diets was changed from 2.2 to 1.8 Mcal kg-1 by the addition of 20 to 60 per cent roughage from lucerne meal or ground straw to the diets. Blood samples were collected from all calves at 11 weeks of age, and the concentration of free amino acids in the plasma was measured. As the protein content of the diets increased, the percentage of essential amino acids of the total amino acids in the plasma increased. The percentage of essential amino acids was also greater in the calves fed meat meal than in those fed urea. These changes were mainly due to increased concentrations of the branched chain amino acids and decreased concentrations of glycine and glutamic acid. The supplementation of the diets containing urea with sodium sulphate increased the concentrations of cystine and methionine in the plasma. As the metabolizable energy intake of the calves increased there was an increase in the concentration of total amino acids in the plasma. Hence, the effect of protein and energy in the diet must be considered in studying the concentration of amino acids in the plasma.

The utilization by lambs of the energy and protein in dried pelleted grass treated with formaldehyde

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTA primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (cv. S24), containing 17% crude protein and 9·9 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter, was artificially dried, ground through a 3·0 mm screen and pelleted either without further treatment (C), or after the application of formaldehyde (T) at a rate of 1 g/100 g crude protein. The C and T diets were each fed to 20 lambs for 77 days. Diets C and T were given ad libitum and at three lower planes of nutrition. Similar amounts of dry matter, nitrogen and digestible energy were consumed at each of the four planes of nutrition by lambs fed diets C and T. Carcass energy, fat and protein retention, and total body energy retention were measured by the comparative slaughter technique and did not differ between the diets (P> 0·05). Metabolizable energy intake was calculated from digestible energy intake using the factor 0·81. The efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy for growth and fattening (kf) and the net energy value were calculated by linear regression analysis from the total body energy retention, the calculated metabolizable energy intake and dry-matter intake data scaled to M0·75. They did not differ between the diets (P > 0·05), and were 0·370 (C) and 0·431 (T) for kf, and 2·09 (C) and 1·97 MJ/kg dry matter (T) for net energy.

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