The health and performance of cows fed large amounts of urea

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Royce J. Treacher ◽  
Anthony J. Stark ◽  
Keith A. Collis
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Degradable Protein

SUMMARYFrom 6 weeks before calving to the end of lactation 2 groups of 8 cows were fed a ration incorporating a dairy nut containing 29 g/kg urea or an isocaloric isonitrogenous nut containing fish-meal and groundnut. During the 18 weeks after calving, concentrates were fed to appetite. 305-d yields of milk (7023 and 5796 kg) and lactose (345.7 and 273.4 kg) were significantly lower in the urea-fed cows (P< 0·05). Intakes of dry matter, metabolizable energy and digestible crude protein were similar in both groups until 18 weeks after calving when feeding according to yield commenced, but by 6 weeks after calving the urea-fed cows lost only 5% of their immediate post-calving weight compared with 7% in the controls. There was no evidence of ammonia toxicity in the urea-fed cows. Blood glucose concentrations were similar in both groups, but higher serum urea concentrations in the urea-fed cows suggested that there was poor utilization of ingested N. A model proposed by Royet al.(1977) has been used to calculate the requirements of rumen-degradable protein and undegraded protein (UDP) of the 2 groups from their energy intakes and milk yields. Between 4 and 11 weeks post-calving, dietary requirement for UDP closely matched intake of UDP. It is concluded that UDP intake was a major factor in determining the peak milk yield. Mechanisms by which the degradability of the dietary protein might influence milk yield are discussed.

A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
D. W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Detailed Work

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of dried poultry excreta was investigated by determining the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in five diets containing 0 to 100% of this feed. Dried poultry excreta supplied 20·21% apparently digestible crude protein and approximately 1·57 or 1·74 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter.The copper in dried poultry excreta was found to be less digestible than the copper in barley. It is concluded that, as far as copper levels are concerned, dried poultry excreta are safe for ruminants, and are a source ofcheap protein. More detailed work is needed to determine the metabolizable energy of the material accurately.

The effect of plane of nutrition in early lactation on the performance of beef cows

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
R. A. Edwards ◽  
S. H. Somerville ◽  
G. M. Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

ABSTRACTTwenty-one mature autumn-calving Blue Grey cows were divided into three groups for a 3-year change-over experiment, and each group was allocated to one of three planes of nutrition for the first 150 days of lactation during each year. Milk yields were recorded by machine milking twice daily. The three planes of nutrition corresponded to 1·63, 1·21 and 0·89 of the cow's maintenance allowance 12 h post partum. Increasing the plane of nutrition significantly (P<0·05) increased 150-day cumulative milk yield, but had no significant effect on milk composition. The extent of live-weight loss decreased significantly (P<0·001) as plane of nutrition increased and was reflected in cows maintaining better condition, measured as condition score, through the experimental period.The small 150-day cumulative milk yield response (32·8 kg per additional 10 MJ metabolizable energy and 62 g digestible crude protein/day) demonstrated the limitation of feeding beef cows for increased milk production in comparison with feeding the calf directly. However, the possible relationship between plane of nutrition, live-weight loss and fertility suggests an important limitation of under-feeding cows during the mating period. Within the constraints imposed, the medium treatment (64 MJ metabolizable energy and 516 g digestible crude protein/day) resulted in levels of cow performance similar to those currently recorded in commercial units. One of the major constraints in the present investigation was the high level of body reserves available in the cows at the start of lactation.

Interactions between supplementary nitrogen source and ration energy density on performance and nitrogen utilization in growing and fattening male cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
V. Samuel ◽  
I. Bruckenthal
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
N Retention ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTFour diets containing 9·6 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM) (LMEC), and four diets containing 11·3 MJ/kg DM (HMEC) were formulated. One diet of each ME concentration contained 90 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM and served as a negative control (NC). In the three other diets of each ME concentration, the level of CP was raised to 140 g/kg DM by inclusion of poultry litter (PL), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) or fish meal (FM). These diets were examined in a digestion and N balance trial and in a feeding trial.For the NC, PL, NPN and FM subtreatments of the LMEC diets, DM intakes were 107·1, 112·4, 100·6 and 130·2 g/kg M075 respectively; digestibility coefficients of organic matter (OM) were 0·64, 0·70, 0·67 and 0·71 respectively; and N retention 0·40, 0·76, 0·53 and 1·21 g/kg M075 respectively. For the respective subtreatments of the HMEC diets, the values were: 100·4, 119·4, 109·3, 107·5 for DM intake; 0·64, 0·73, 0·73, 0·73 for digestibility coefficients of OM and 0·40, 0·87, 1·06 and 1·03 g/kg M075 for N retention.Daily gain on the respective diets in the first 130 days of the feeding trial was 0·85, 0·90, 0·91, 1·04 kg for the LMEC and 1·09, 1·21, 119, 1·24 kg for the HMEC diets, and from the 131st day to slaughter was 0·98, 1·02, 100, 1·08 kg for the LMEC and 1·03, 1·02, 1·07, 1·05 kg for the HMEC diets respectively. Daily carcass gain was 0·49, 0·51, 0·51, 0·53 kg for the LMEC and 0·55, 0·59, 0·59, 0·60 kg for the HMEC diets, respectively.The relationship between ME concentration in the diet and source of CP is discussed.

Seasonal changes in nutrient intake and its utilization by range goats in a semi-arid region of India

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHINDE ◽  
S. K. SANKHYAN ◽  
R. BHATTA ◽  
D. L. VERMA
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Semi Arid

This study was carried out from September 1998 to August 1999, by conducting three experiments, one each in the monsoon, winter and summer seasons. The forage availability and botanical composition of native range were obtained. Five 3–4-year-old Kutchi males, weighing 50–55 kg, were used to determine total faecal output, and were observed to allow the diet selected to be sampled by the hand plucking method. Dry matter (DM) yield of range was highest during winter and lowest during monsoon, annual mean being 1611 kg DM/ha. Contribution of shrub foliage to total forage yield in monsoon, winter and summer was 3·81, 1·64 and 9·98%, respectively. Crude protein (CP) content (g/kg DM) of ground vegetation declined from 99 in monsoon to 72 in winter and 66 in summer, while that of top foliage remained similar in all the seasons (mean CP 142 g/kg). Goats consumed a diet of almost the same CP content (mean CP 137 g/kg) in all the seasons. Goats consumed 64·0, 54·0 and 55·9 g DM/kg W0·75/day, in monsoon, winter and summer (annual mean 58·0 g DM/kg W0·75 /day). DM and CP digestibility coefficients were higher in monsoon and summer (mean DM 0·595; CP 0·533) and decreased (P < 0·05) in winter (DM 0·485, CP 0·424). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility coefficients were highest in monsoon (NDF 0·542; ADF 0·446), and declined (P < 0·05) to 0·340 and 0·266 in winter and 0·415 and 0·326 in summer. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake was almost similar in monsoon and summer (mean 4·6 g/kg W0·75 /day) and declined (P < 0·05) in winter (3·1 g/kg W0·75 /day), while metabolizable energy (ME) intake was higher in monsoon (0·90 MJ/kg W0·75 /day) and declined (P < 0·05) to 0·78 and 0·80 MJ/kg W0·75 /day, in winter and summer, respectively. Average body weight of goats in monsoon, winter and summer was 54·0, 54·6 and 56·5 kg, respectively (annual mean 55·0 kg). It is concluded that goats grazing on a semi-arid rangeland meet their DCP and ME requirement throughout the year.

scholarly journals A study of the protein requirements of the mature breeding ewe

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

1. An experiment was carried out to study more precisely by nitrogen balance techniques the intake of digestible crude protein required for maintenance in the mature non-pregnant ewe. 2. Four isocaloric diets supplying adequate energy, approximately 90 kcal/kg W0.73 metabolizable energy daily, and differing in crude protein content were each given to eight individually penned ewes. The diets provided 2.4, 4.9, 7.7 and 9.5 g digestible N per ewe per day. 3. The average weight of the ewes was 57.4 kg. They were rationed according to metabolic body-weight (W0.73) at a rate of approximately 800 g dry matter per 50 kg ewe per day for a 4-week period before N balance studies were carried out over an 8-day collection period. 4. The mean apparent digestibilities of dry matter were 67.3±0.8, 68.1±0.7, 70.9±1.0 and 68.8±0.8 respectively. The apparent digestibilities of N, increasing with increasing N intake, were 30.6±2.1, 46.3±2.1, 58.2±0.6 and 61.5±1.3 respectively. 5. The intake of apparently digested N required for maintenance was calculated in three ways, from the regressions of apparently digested N on N retention or on urinary N and from the underlying relationship between N retention and urinary N. The estimates so obtained were respectively 0.185±0.037, 0.148±0.020 and 0.150±0.020 g N per kg W0.78 per day, corresponding to 1.16, 0.93 and 0.94 g apparently digestible crude protein per kg W0.73 per day. 6. Metabolic faecal N, determined by the extrapolation method, was 0.629±0.047 g/100 g dry matter consumed. 7. The results are discussed in relation to practical feeding standards and other research findings.

The nutrition of the early-weaned calf VIII. The effect on nitrogen retention of diets containing different levels of fish meal

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Preston ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARY1. All-concentrate diets containing four different levels of Peruvian (anchovy) fish meal and varying in crude protein content from 14·8% to 21·7% in dry matter were given ad libitum to 8 early-weaned Friesian calves over a live-weight range of 60–100 kg.2. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on diets containing 21·7% and 19·4% crude protein in dry matter than on diets with 16·8% and 14·8% crude protein. Nitrogen retention as a percentage of dietary intake appeared to be less on the diet with 21·7% crude protein in dry matter than on the other diets.3. From these data it was calculated that the digestible crude protein requirement for a calf of 82 kg. live-weight gaining at 909 g. daily is between 270 and 340 g.

A note on the effects of dietary protein degradability in the rumen on the voluntary intake and digestibility of barley straw by lactating beef cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Beef Suckler

In a previous experiment with pregnant beef cows (Alawa, Fishwick, Parkins, Hemingway and Aitchison, 1986) when equal amounts of crude protein (CP) were supplied from a range of concentrates providing different amounts of rumen-degraded protein (RDP), the voluntary intake of barley straw dry matter (DM) and the metabolizable energy (ME) obtained from straw were positively and significantly correlated with the intake of RDP. Whilst increasing proportions of rumen-undegraded protein (UDP) have been shown to increase the milk yield of ewes (Robinson, McHattie, Calderon Cortes and Thompson, 1979) the response of lactating beef suckler cows to UDP in terms of milk yield is not clear. There is an increasing interest in the use of peas as a protein supplement but they have not been compared with more conventional protein sources. Accordingly these present experiments were conducted to study the response of lactating beef cows and their calves to proteins from different sources providing different amounts of RDP and UDP.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of meat and bone meal for growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-455
Author(s):  
Kirsi Partanen ◽  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Reversal Design

Six barrows, with an average initial body weight of 88 kg, were used in a digestibility and balance experiment to study the nutritive value of meat and bone meal (MBM). The MBM, which contained 478 g crude protein and 322 g ash/kg dry matter (DM), was included in barley-based diets at two levels: 100 and 200 g/kg. The experiment was conducted according to a two-period reversal design. The apparent digestibilities of organic matter, crude protein and crude fat in the MBM were 0.910, 0.909 and 0.730, respectively. The MBM was calculated to contain 434 g digestible crude protein, 14.26 MJ metabolizable energy and 8.82 MJ net energy/kg DM. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization decreased with an increasing MBM supply. Due to relatively high mineral intakes, the apparent digestibilities of calcium and phosphorus remained low.

A mixture of malt distillers' grains (draff) and pot ale syrup as a food for dairy cows

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
J. N. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTTwelve Ayrshire cows in a 16-week changeover design experiment were offered 8 kg hay per day together with a daily supplement of either: A, 8 kg concentrates; B, 6 kg concentrates and 4·5 to 50 kg draff/syrup mixture; or C, 4 kg concentrates and 9·0 to 10·0 kg draff/syrup mixture. The concentrate and the draff/syrup mixture had dry-matter concentrations of 872 and 385g/kg, and contained 229 and 255 g crude protein per kg dry matter respectively. Total daily intakes of dry matter were 13·77, 13·80 and 13·81 kg per cow for treatments A, B and C respectively, and were not significantly different. The mean daily milk yields for treatments B and C were 18·2 and 18·5 kg per cow respectively, and were significantly higher than the yield of 17·3 kg per cow for treatment A. The solids-not-fat and lactose concentrations in the milk, and the mean live weights, were also significantly higher for treatment C than for treatment A. Based on the differences in milk yield and composition between treatments, it was estimated that the metabolizable energy value of the draff/syrup mixture was 12·2MJ/kg dry matter. It is concluded that the draff/syrup mixture was a safe and acceptable food for dairy cows when it replaced half of the concentrate dry matter.

Studies On Browse Plants in Ghana II. Digestibility, (d) Digestibility Of Grewia Carpinifolia From The Accra Plains, Using Local Cattle As Experimental Animals

1966 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
G. L. Mabey ◽  
R. Rose Innes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Accra Plains

SummaryDigestibility of the palatable indigenous shrub Grewia carpinifolia was investigated. Digestion coefficients (%) were—organic matter 70, dry matter 70, crude protein 78, crude fibre 54, nitrogenfree extract 81, ether extract 13 and ash 52. Calculated nutritive values were—starch equivalent 27.3 and digestible crude protein 5.0, giving a nutritive ratio of about 1 : 5. The material used was moderately young.

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