Edge Crack Test Methods for AHSS Steel Grades: A Review and Comparisons

The challenging environment appearing in recent and moreover future deep offshore explorations promoted the development of linepipe steel grades with reliable sour service resistance. Severe sour conditions such as the combination of elevated production temperature, increasing pipeline pressures and high stress loads initiated by modern laying methods or introduced during service are leading to increasing corrosion demands. Steel pipelines used for the transport of media containing wet Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) are faced with the danger of the cracking phenomena HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) and SSC (Sulphide Stress Cracking). To prove resistance to HIC and SSC, test specimens are typically tested according standardised test methods. The exposure of test specimens in a sour test solution to a H2S pressure of 1 bar for 96 h, as described in NACE TM0284 is used to prove HIC resistance. Commonly four-point bend testing as described in EFC publication no. 16 is performed for SSC resistance testing with the appliance of a specific load, typically 80% of the actual yield strength. Within this work HIC testing at test conditions representing higher H2S partial pressures (up to 5 bar) and longer test durations (up to 6 months) have been performed on seamless quenched and tempered line pipe steel of grade X65 and X70 produced by VALLOUREC & MANNESMANN TUBES by plug and continuous mandrel mill process. Beside material in as delivered condition also pre-strained material was tested. SSC four-point bend testing has been performed on specimens which were strained up to 10% of plastic strain in longitudinal direction.

Download Full-text

INFLUENCE OF COLD ROLLING ON THE MECHANICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AHSS STEEL GRADES

10.5151/1983-4764-30150 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Morganti ◽

Michael Breuer ◽

Michael Degner ◽

Gerald Bader ◽

Wolfgang Bleck

Keyword(s):

Cold Rolling ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Steel Grades ◽

Ahss Steel

Download Full-text

Artificial Inclusion Environments—Replicating Industry in the Laboratory

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2021.754284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

A. Raviraj ◽

S. Spooner ◽

J. Li ◽

N. Kourra ◽

J. Warnett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laser Scanning ◽

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽

Test Methods ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Physical Interaction ◽

Spontaneous Emulsification ◽

Mould Powder ◽

Steel Grades ◽

Final Steel ◽

High Aluminium

The authors present a series of complementary test methods which were developed and used to investigate reactions between high aluminium steel and silica rich inclusions. Non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) cause many defects in the final steel product, therefore the ability to track their size, morphology and composition and correlate this with fundamental reaction kinetics provides important knowledge to support the production of clean quality steel products. Novel steel grades such as TRIP, TWIP and low-density steels have high aluminium contents; aluminium is a readily oxidisable species presenting the potential for instability and excessive reaction with commonly used mould powders that contain silica. A novel combination of techniques including HT-CLSM (High-Temperature Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope), XCT (X-ray computed tomography) and SEM/EDS (scanning electron microscopy/electron dispersive spectroscopy) have been used to study the interaction of entrained mould powder inclusions with steel at high temperatures simulating industrial conditions. This report presents a discussion on the development of techniques and samples to achieve representative and repeatable results that can provide information on the complex chemical and physical interaction phenomena with confidence. Each experimental technique had its own learning points and consequent results. Outcomes presented include possible confirmation of the chemical reaction rate controlling step being aluminium mass transfer; heterogeneous local environmental conditions including fluidity and chemical composition; and occurrence of spontaneous emulsification where the mould powder inclusion breaks apart into a cloud of smaller fragments.

Download Full-text

Laboratory proficiency in susceptibility testing of Helicobacter pylori using agar dilution and E test methods

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(01)82918-8 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 120 (5) ◽

pp. A586-A587

Author(s):

L BEST ◽

S JO ◽

V VANZANTEN ◽

D HALDANE ◽

V LOO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Test Methods ◽

Agar Dilution

Download Full-text

Numerical analysis of local heat flux and thin-slab solidification in a CSP funnel-type mold with electromagnetic braking

Metallurgical Research & Technology ◽

10.1051/metal/2020044 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 117 (6) ◽

pp. 602

Author(s):

Heping Liu ◽

Jianjun Zhang ◽

Hongbiao Tao ◽

Hui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Heat Flux ◽

Casting Speed ◽

Shell Growth ◽

Local Heat ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Thin Slab ◽

Wide Face ◽

Slab Width ◽

Steel Grades ◽

Local Heat Flux

In this article, based on the actual monitored temperature data from mold copper plate with a dense thermocouple layout and the measured magnetic flux density values in a CSP thin-slab mold, the local heat flux and thin-slab solidification features in the funnel-type mold with electromagnetic braking are analyzed. The differences of local heat flux, fluid flow and solidified shell growth features between two steel grades of Q235B with carbon content of 0.19%C and DC01 of 0.03%C under varying operation conditions are discussed. The results show the maximum transverse local heat flux is near the meniscus region of over 0.3 m away from the center of the wide face, which corresponds to the upper flow circulation and the large turbulent kinetic energy in a CSP funnel-type mold. The increased slab width and low casting speed can reduce the fluctuation of the transverse local heat flux near the meniscus. There is a decreased transverse local heat flux in the center of the wide face after the solidified shell is pulled through the transition zone from the funnel-curve to the parallel-cure zone. In order to achieve similar metallurgical effects, the braking strength should increase with the increase of casting speed and slab width. Using the strong EMBr field in a lower casting speed might reverse the desired effects. There exist some differences of solidified shell thinning features for different steel grades in the range of the funnel opening region under the measured operating conditions, which may affect the optimization of the casting process in a CSP caster.

Download Full-text

Scientific and Standardization Committee Communications Comparison of Test Methods for the Lupus Anticoagulant: International Survey on Lupus Anticoagulants-I (ISLA-1)

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647340 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (03) ◽

pp. 478-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Thomas Exner ◽

Douglas A Triplett ◽

David A Taberner ◽

Margaret A Howard ◽

E Nigel Harris

Keyword(s):

Lupus Anticoagulant ◽

Test Methods ◽

Positive Sample ◽

Direct Proportion ◽

Clotting Time ◽

Preliminary Screening ◽

Activated Platelets ◽

Tissue Thromboplastin ◽

Kaolin Clotting Time ◽

Induced Defects

SummarySix lyophilized plasma samples were sent to 20 “expert” laboratories for assessment of lupus anticoagulant (LA). Four samples contained pooled LA of graded potency mixed with aged normal plasma. One contained LA plus cephalin phospholipid and one contained a nonspecific venom anticoagulant. Sixteen methods were used overall with some participants using up to 8 methods. Results were scored in regard to the known potencies of LA in the samples and other known induced defects.Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests used by most participants for preliminary screening were relatively sensitive, but non-specific. Platelet or phospholipid neutralization procedures (PNP) appeared to be sensitive and specific but showed a non-linear response to increased LA content. Kaolin clotting time (KCT) tests showed the most sensitive response to increased LA content but the weaker LA were not scored as abnormal by most laboratories as the samples may have contained platelet fragments. Other commonly used tests such as the tissue thromboplastin inhibition (TTI) test and the dilute Russell’s viper venom test (DRVVT) were carried out somewhat inconsistently. The variability in performance of tests in different laboratories indicates that standardization of methodology is urgently required.Generally it seemed that most clotting tests were “bypassed” by the addition of phospholipid to a known LA-positive sample in apparently direct proportion to their sensitivity. Sample preparation, especially prevention of contamination with activated platelets is a vital preliminary part in the assay of LA.

Download Full-text

Test Methods for Assessing Abrasion Impact on CSP Drainage Structures

WRPMD'99 ◽

10.1061/40430(1999)73 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Brian C. Roberts ◽

J. P. Ault

Keyword(s):

Test Methods

Download Full-text

Tendencies of export and import of steel industry products of Russia within 9 months of 2019

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-107-112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 107-112

Author(s):

N. G. Zinov’eva

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Steel Industry ◽

Pig Iron ◽

Finished Steel ◽

Steel Pipes ◽

Ferrous Metals ◽

Steel Grades ◽

Cis Countries ◽

Further Development ◽

Coated Sheet

Structure of the Russian export and import of steel industry products presented by results of 9 months of 2019 operation. It was shown, that the total share of pig iron, ferroalloys and semi-products (40.3%) in the ferrous metals export from Russia is practically the same as the share of rolled products and steel pipes (39.4%), whereas the shares in the import structure were 7.7 and 75% accordingly. The share the far abroad countries in the Russian export and import of finished steel products (in natural terms) accounted for 80.6 and 28.7% accordingly, while the share of CIS countries – 19.4 and 71.3% accordingly. For 9 months of 2019 the Russian export of semi-products declined by 10.9% comparing with the analogue period of 2018 and accounted for 10.9 m tons. 54.6% of the total export shipping of semi-products were directed to Mexico, Turkey, Egypt and Taiwan. Within the nearest years the Russian export of semi-products and billets, in particular, will be effected by the further development of the semi-products production in in the countries of Middle East, Turkey, Vietnam and India. The domestic market remained to be more attractive for many Russian companies. For the 9 months of 2019, export of long and flat products accounted for 3 and 5.7 m tons accordingly, declining comparing with the analogue period of the previous year by 11 and 15.6% accordingly. Import of long and flat products decreased by 12 and 0.5%, accounting for 1.0 and 2.9 m tons accordingly. By the results of 9 months of 2019, import declined and export shipping of coated sheet increased. Taking into account the expansion of steel grades assortment by Russian plants, increase of capacities for production of sheet with different coatings, this tendency is likely to remain.

Download Full-text

A method for measuring the in-plane compressive strength and the compression behavior of coating layers

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj10.7.29 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

TEEMU PUHAKKA ◽

ISKO KAJANTO ◽

NINA PYKÄLÄINEN

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Coating Layer ◽

Test Methods ◽

Coating Films ◽

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽

Coating Color ◽

Mineral Coatings ◽

Styrene Butadiene

Cracking at the fold is a quality defect sometimes observed in coated paper and board. Although tensile and compressive stresses occur during folding, test methods to measure the compressive strength of a coating have not been available. Our objective was to develop a method to measure the compressive strength of a coating layer and to investigate how different mineral coatings behave under compression. We used the short-span compressive strength test (SCT) to measure the in-plane compressive strength of a free coating layer. Unsupported free coating films were prepared for the measurements. Results indicate that the SCT method was suitable for measuring the in-plane compressive strength of a coating layer. Coating color formulations containing different kaolin and calcium carbonate minerals were used to study the effect of pigment particles’ shape on the compressive and tensile strengths of coatings. Latices having two different glass transition temperatures were used. Results showed that pigment particle shape influenced the strength of a coating layer. Platy clay gave better strength than spherical or needle-shaped carbonate pigments. Compressive and tensile strength decreased as a function of the amount of calcium carbonate in the coating color, particularly with precipitated calcium carbonate. We also assessed the influence of styrene-butadiene binder on the compressive strength of the coating layer, which increased with the binder level. The compressive strength of the coating layer was about three times the tensile strength.

Download Full-text

An evaluation of ECT sample height for small flute board grades and Box Manufacturer’s Certification compliance

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj8.6.24 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

CORY JAY WILSON ◽

BENJAMIN FRANK

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Compressive Load ◽

Test Sample ◽

Test Methods ◽

Test Method ◽

Initial Development ◽

Sample Height ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Corrugated Fiberboard

TAPPI test T811 is the specified method to ascertain ECT relative to box manufacturer’s certification compliance of corrugated fiberboard under Rule 41/ Alternate Item 222. T811 test sample heights were derived from typical board constructions at the time of the test method’s initial development. New, smaller flute sizes have since been developed, and the use of lighter weight boards has become more common. The T811 test method includes sample specifications for typical A-flute, B-flute, and C-flute singlewall (and doublewall and triplewall) structures, but not for newer thinner E-flute or F-flute structures. This research explores the relationship of ECT sample height to measured compressive load, in an effort to determine valid E-flute and F-flute ECT sample heights for use with the T811 method. Through this process, it identifies challenges present in our use of current ECT test methods as a measure of intrinsic compressive strength for smaller flute structures. The data does not support the use of TAPPI T 811 for ECT measurement for E and F flute structures, and demonstrates inconsistencies with current height specifi-cations for some lightweight B flute.

Download Full-text