Structural style of the NW Zagros Mountains and the role of basement thrusting for its Mountain Front Flexure, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 104206
Author(s):  
Mjahid Zebari ◽  
Philipp Balling ◽  
Christoph Grützner ◽  
Payman Navabpour ◽  
Jan Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Zagros Mountains ◽  
Structural Style ◽  
Mountain Front

Expansion of borders in the Kurdistan region and local and regional positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah ◽  
Abbas Fadel Atwan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
National State ◽  
The Face ◽  
In The Beginning

The borders of Kurdistan represent an important point in Kurdish thought. They represent the hope of establishing their national state. The circumstances of the war on terrorism in Iraq and Syria have led to the emergence of what is known as a "propaganda" and the formation of a global front in its struggle. And with the signs of the collapse of the Syrian state and the weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of the "dashing" in the beginning. These circumstances led to the emergence of the role of the Kurdistan region in the confrontation "ISIS" and maintain the administrative border in the three provinces of Kurdistan in addition to the province of Kirkuk. That the circumstances of the war on terrorism created new international conditions on the Middle East arena, which will generate many problems between the Kurdistan region and the central government of Baghdad, as well as other problems between the region, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The war on terrorism has made countries free to fight the opposition groups under the name Terrorism by their classification. The Turkish side is fighting the PKK within the borders of the Kurdistan region, and this war can develop in a post-"warlike" phase. The war in Syria is also contradictory to vision and not resolved to a specific side and Iran's position on developments is encouraging.

scholarly journals The effect of individual factors on user behaviour and the moderating role of trust: an empirical investigation of consumers’ acceptance of electronic banking in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadgar Taha M. Hamakhan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Electronic Banking ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
User Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract The popularity of self-service technologies, particularly in the banking industry, more precisely with electronic banking channel services, has undergone a major change as individuals' lifestyles develop. This change has affected individuals’ decisions about accepting any new Information Technology, and Information Communications Technology services that are electronically mediated, for example, E-Banking channel services. This study investigates the effect of Individual Factors on User Behaviour, and the moderating role of Trust in the relationship between Individual Factors, and User Behaviour based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. This research proposes a model, with a second-order components research framework. It improves current explanations of the acceptance of electronic banking channel services. Furthermore, this study highlights the role of trust on the acceptance of electronic banking channel services, which is the most crucial consideration in customers’ decisions to accept electronic banking channels services. Thus, trust is the spine of the system in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that received 476 valid responses from academic staff who work at the University of Sulaimani. The model tested data using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling approach. The results show that Individual Factors have a positive effect on User Behaviour. Besides, results show that trust moderates the relationship between Individual Factors and User Behaviour.

scholarly journals Using hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity data to distinguish between mountain-front and mountain-block recharge to basin aquifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1629-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Bresciani ◽  
Roger H. Cranswick ◽  
Eddie W. Banks ◽  
Jordi Batlle-Aguilar ◽  
Peter G. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Hydraulic Head ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Quaternary Aquifers ◽  
Groundwater Systems ◽  
Flow Directions ◽  
Electrical Conductivity Data

Abstract. Numerous basin aquifers in arid and semi-arid regions of the world derive a significant portion of their recharge from adjacent mountains. Such recharge can effectively occur through either stream infiltration in the mountain-front zone (mountain-front recharge, MFR) or subsurface flow from the mountain (mountain-block recharge, MBR). While a thorough understanding of recharge mechanisms is critical for conceptualizing and managing groundwater systems, distinguishing between MFR and MBR is difficult. We present an approach that uses hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity (EC) data to distinguish between MFR and MBR. These variables are inexpensive to measure, and may be readily available from hydrogeological databases in many cases. Hydraulic heads can provide information on groundwater flow directions and stream–aquifer interactions, while chloride concentrations and EC values can be used to distinguish between different water sources if these have a distinct signature. Such information can provide evidence for the occurrence or absence of MFR and MBR. This approach is tested through application to the Adelaide Plains basin, South Australia. The recharge mechanisms of this basin have long been debated, in part due to difficulties in understanding the hydraulic role of faults. Both hydraulic head and chloride (equivalently, EC) data consistently suggest that streams are gaining in the adjacent Mount Lofty Ranges and losing when entering the basin. Moreover, the data indicate that not only the Quaternary aquifers but also the deeper Tertiary aquifers are recharged through MFR and not MBR. It is expected that this finding will have a significant impact on the management of water resources in the region. This study demonstrates the relevance of using hydraulic head, chloride and EC data to distinguish between MFR and MBR.

The influence of backstop geometry in the structural style of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: A sandbox modeling approach 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo Andrés Conde Carvajal ◽  
Cristhian Bolívar Riascos Rodríguez ◽  
Michael Andres Avila Paez ◽  
Andreas Kammer
Keyword(s):  
Kink Band ◽  
Ductile Deformation ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
Eastern Cordillera ◽  
Surface Uplift ◽  
Structural Style ◽  
Mountain System ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Structural Relief

<p>Among the foreland belts of the Andean mountain system, the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (EC) represents a unique example of an isolated, bi-vergent mountain belt. In contrast, to block tectonics of broken foreland basins, it displays a ductile deformation style which involves two mountain fronts with a structural relief of the order of 10 km. Internal parts of the EC have been shortened by buckling at high and a homogeneously strained basement at deeper structural levels. These deformation patterns likely attest to conditions of a thermally weakened backarc setting. Two opposed scenarios have been postulated for its surface uplift and consequent exhumation: 1) an E-migrating deformation front and the formation of progressively forward breaking faults; and 2) the pop-up of a weak crustal welt enclosed by strong foreland blocks. In this latter setting, a synchronous early formation of marginal mountain fronts and a late-stage surface uplift of a central domain may be anticipated. These two constellations compare, in terms of a contrasting model setup, to a foreland migrating orogenic wedge or a relatively stable, doubly vergent wedge formed above a structural discontinuity or rheologic boundaries that acted as sites for the nucleation of the marginal faults.</p><p>In this contribution, we opt to examine the “boundary” conditions for the development of a doubly vergent wedge formed at the tip line of a rigid tapering backstop, that simulates a rigid foreland block. With respect to the shape of this backstop, we examine the effects of tip angles less than the angle of internal friction (<30°) and find, that at a low tip angle of 10° the pop-up evolves above a forward-breaking principal kink-band with the synchronous formation of a sequence of conjugate back-kinks that cut into the sand pack, as it is pushed toward the backstop. At a moderate tip angle of 20<sup>o </sup>the forward-breaking kink-band is slightly steeper than the backstop and gives rise to a frontal fold with an overturned limb. This latter geometrical configuration loosely compares to the structural relations of a structural section through the high plains of Bogotá, where the eastern mountain front defines a strongly deformed antiform, that is juxtaposed against an undeformed margin of the adjacent Guyana shield.</p>

scholarly journals Political Stability and Security Status

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-13
Author(s):  
Ribaz Chato Biro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
New Destination

Political stability and security have become important factors of sustainable economic progress for the developing countries, especially states with the experience of war and instability. Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) as a semi-autonomous region tried to improve the level of political stability and security status, to gain more foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. Consequently, KRI has become the safest region in Iraq and enjoyed political stability and safety. Therefore, during the last decade, KRI has occurred as a new destination of FDI in the Middle East and has received notable progress in most of the economic sectors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of political stability and security status on the FDI attractions and their consequences on economic development. However, it will investigate the factors that make the KRI safer than the rest of Iraq.

Contractional salt tectonics and role of pre-existing diapiric structures in the Southern Pyrenean foreland fold–thrust belt (Montsec and Serres Marginals)

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2020-085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Burrel ◽  
Antonio Teixell
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Foreland Basin ◽  
Salt Tectonics ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Growth Strata ◽  
Structural Style ◽  
Supplementary Material

Triassic Keuper evaporites have long been recognized as the main detachment level for thrusting in the Pyrenean fold–thrust belts. The deformed Late Cretaceous–Eocene foreland basin of the Southern Pyrenees has structures and stratal geometries that can be interpreted as related to salt tectonics (e.g. unconformities, rapid thickness variations, long-lived growth fans and overturned flaps), although they have been overprinted by shortening and thrusting. Based on field observations and published maps, we build new structural cross-sections reinterpreting two classic transects of the Southern Pyrenees (Noguera Ribagorçana and Noguera Pallaresa river transects). The sequential restoration of the sections explores the variations in structural style, addressing the role of halokinesis in the tectonic and sedimentary development. In the Serres Marginals area, we propose that salt pillows and diapirs started developing locally during the Mesozoic pre-orogenic episode, evolving into a system of salt ridges and intervening synclines filled with early synorogenic sediments. Rapid amplification of folds recorded by widespread latest Cretaceous–Paleocene growth strata is taken as marking the onset of contractional folding in the area. During Pyrenean compression, folding mechanisms transitioned from dominantly halokinetic to a combination of buckling and differential sedimentary loading. Squeezing of salt diapirs and thrust welding occurred as salt ridges were unroofed. We provide new field observations that lead to a reinterpretation of the regional structural development and contribute to the debate about the role of salt tectonics in the Pyrenees.Supplementary material: Table S1, giving the thickness of the main stratigraphic units, is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5287737

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