scholarly journals Do social isolation and neighborhood walkability influence relationships between COVID-19 experiences and wellbeing in predominantly Black urban areas?

2021 ◽  
pp. 104264
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Finucane ◽  
Robin Beckman ◽  
Madhumita Ghosh-Dastidar ◽  
Tamara Dubowitz ◽  
Rebecca L. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Neighborhood Walkability

White Gazes of Black Detroit: Milliken v. Bradley I, Postcolonial Theory, and Persistent Inequalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khalifa ◽  
Ty-Ron M. O. Douglas ◽  
Terah Venzant Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Critical Policy Analysis ◽  
White American ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Critical Policy

Background/Context This article employs critical policy analysis as it examines the historical underpinnings of racialized policy discrimination in Detroit. It considers histories, discourses, and oppressive structures as it seeks to understand how policies have been and currently are implemented by Whites in predominantly Black urban areas. Focus of Study As we seek to understand how policy is constructed in relationship to predominantly Black communities, we argue that White actions toward Detroit are based on deep-rooted and historical biases, stereotypes, and fears of Blacks. Research Design We used critical policy analysis around the famed Milliken v. Bradley (1974) Supreme Court case to explore 20th century White American behaviors and policy regarding Black urban spaces, specifically in Detroit. Data Collection and Analysis We pull from political, educational, and legal literature surrounding Milliken I and critically examine prior research and policies related to the case. Conclusions/Recommendations Our analysis suggests that Milliken had a long-term deleterious impact on Black students (and families) in the city of Detroit, including the resegregation of separate and inequitable schools and the (re)entrenchment of White fears and stereotypes about Black Detroiters.

scholarly journals Feelings of Social Isolation in Canada's Pandemic Times: Exploring Its Correlates Using Multiple Correspondence Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Mata
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Statistics Canada ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation

Identifying the linkages between the feelings of social isolation and its socio-demographic, residential, and psychosocial correlates is of major importance to the healthcare system today. Using data from the Canadian Survey Perspective Survey Series 6 (CPSS6) conducted by Statistics Canada, the purpose of this study is to explore these linkages during the second year of the pandemic in Canada. Five levels of social isolation were examined in conjunction with 17 other socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics of 3,941 respondents to the survey. The study suggests that about three out of four Canadians (75%) have experienced some feeling of social isolation at some point during the pandemic. The most severe form comprised 11% of the total population. In the context of a generalized cross-tabular data analysis, Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) detected two major dimensions underlying the data: mental health distress and time duration. These dimensions represented approximately 61% of the inertia or unexplained variation in the data. An examination of the combinations of variable categories revealed that the highest perceived isolation levels were found among young individuals, females, individuals who were single, those who received medical help during the pandemic, and those living in low-rise apartments in urban areas. The lowest levels of perceived social isolation were found among older individuals, rural residents, those who were married and/or reported excellent mental health. Not all individuals who experienced higher levels of mental distress, however, felt social isolation. The findings of the study could be useful when designing public health campaigns aimed at reducing social isolation by providing helpful alternatives to affected populations.

scholarly journals Rate of Social Isolation by Geographic Location Among Older Adults: AAA LongROAD Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lynch ◽  
Thelma J. Mielenz ◽  
Guohua Li ◽  
David W. Eby ◽  
Lisa J. Molnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Social isolation is a modifiable risk factor for negative health outcomes among older adults. This work assessed the relationship between geography (i.e., urban vs. non-urban residence) and social isolation in a cohort of older drivers.Methods: The AAA LongROAD cohort with 2,989 older adult drivers from across the country were included. Social isolation was measured at baseline and at two subsequent annual follow-ups using PROMIS v2.0 Social Isolation 4a. The effect of geographic location with social isolation was assessed through with multivariable regression using a generalized estimating equation model.Results: The rate of social isolation in urban areas was 21% lower (adjusted RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.46, 1.36) compared to non-urban areas after adjusting for covariates, though not significant.Discussion: Social isolation is a predictor of poor health outcomes and geographic considerations have been lacking in the literature. The panel data in this analysis provides more evidence for causality though the under-representation of non-urban areas potentially reduces the power for the results.Conclusions: It is important to understand the needs and risk of social isolation in various geographic settings to ensure resources and interventions are appropriately modified for a greater public health impact.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Walkability and Housing Affordability among U.S. Urban Areas

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Bereitschaft
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Housing Affordability ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Neighborhood Walkability ◽  
Walkable Neighborhood ◽  
Housing Age

With support and demand for walkable urban spaces on the rise, there has been growing concern among academics and practitioners of increasing exclusivity, particularly in amenity-rich areas. This study examines equity in neighborhood walkability from the perspective of housing affordability, asking whether more walkable urban neighborhoods have less affordable housing from the viewpoint of both neighborhood residents and households within the encompassing metropolitan region. While considering additional factors that may affect housing affordability, including coastal proximity, crime, rail access, housing age, housing size, and employment accessibility, the results indicate lower housing affordability primarily for renter households already living in walkable neighborhoods, but not for those looking to move to a more walkable neighborhood from within the same metropolitan area. Case studies of three large U.S. urban areas, Charlotte, NC, Pittsburgh, PA, and Portland, OR, highlight local variations in the walkability–housing affordability nexus.

Estimating From the Payer Perspective the Implementation Cost of Dating Matters®: A Comprehensive Teen Dating Violence Prevention Model

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098038
Author(s):  
Feijun Luo ◽  
Sarah DeGue ◽  
Vi D. Le
Keyword(s):  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teen Dating Violence ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Predominantly Black ◽  
Budgetary Impact ◽  
Payer Perspective ◽  
Prevention Model ◽  
Teen Dating

“Dating Matters®” is a CDC-developed comprehensive, multi-component teen dating violence (TDV) prevention model, made available to the public in 2019. A longitudinal, multi-site demonstration project found that the model significantly reduced TDV during middle school relative to an evidence-based, single-program intervention (Safe Dates; Niolon et al., 2019 ), when implemented across 46 middle schools in four high-risk urban areas with predominantly Black (55%) and Hispanic (28%) youth participants. Research on the costs of implementing TDV prevention strategies is limited, despite recognition within the field of prevention science that such data are critical to widespread dissemination. The current study adds to the available literature on the cost of dating violence prevention by estimating the budgetary impact from the payer perspective of implementing the comprehensive Dating Matters model, compared to Safe Dates, at four sites over four school years to inform prevention planning in communities. Total costs of implementing Dating Matters were relatively stable within sites over time but varied greatly between sites ( M = $175,452 per year; range = $130,149 to $227,604). The mean per-student cost of Dating Matters was $145.40 but also ranged widely ($20.66 to $324.65) across sites and years. Variation was largely driven by staffing costs and number of students served. As expected, total and per-student costs were substantially lower at all sites for the Safe Dates program ( M = $12,148; range = $2,848 to $17,840; $44.81 per student) compared to Dating Matters. This study provides an estimate from the payer perspective to demonstrate the budgetary impact of Dating Matters. These estimates can help inform implementation decisions and planning by potential funders, communities, and organizations as they seek to support and implement effective TDV prevention strategies. It also adds substantially to understanding of the additional costs associated with a move from single-program interventions to community-wide initiatives.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11587
Author(s):  
Stefano Orlando ◽  
Claudia Mosconi ◽  
Carolina De Santo ◽  
Leonardo Emberti Gialloreti ◽  
Maria Chiara Inzerilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
P Value ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Aged Population ◽  
The Impact

Background: Heat waves are correlated with increased mortality in the aged population. Social isolation is known as a vulnerability factor. This study aims at evaluating the correlation between an intervention to reduce social isolation and the increase in mortality in the population over 80 during heat waves. Methods: This study adopted a retrospective ecologic design. We compared the excess mortality rate (EMR) in the over-80 population during heat waves in urban areas of Rome (Italy) where a program to reduce social isolation was implemented, to others where it was not implemented. We measured the mortality of the summer periods from 2015 to 2019 compared with 2014 (a year without heat waves). Winter mortality, cadastral income, and the proportion of people over 90 were included in the multivariate Poisson regression. Results: The EMR in the intervention and controls was 2.70% and 3.81%, respectively. The rate ratio was 0.70 (c.i. 0.54–0.92, p-value 0.01). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of the interventions, with respect to the controls, was 0.76 (c.i. 0.59–0.98). After adjusting for other variables, the IRR was 0.44 (c.i. 0.32–0.60). Conclusions: Reducing social isolation could limit the impact of heat waves on the mortality of the elderly population.

scholarly journals SOCIAL ISOLATION AMONG THE RECIPIENTS OF THE MINIMUM LIVELIHOOD GUARANTEE PROGRAM IN CHINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S339-S339
Author(s):  
Yalu Zhang ◽  
Ada Mui
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Program Enrollment ◽  
Socially Isolated

Abstract The eligibility for the minimum livelihood guarantee program in China is generally based on means testing, including a complicated income test and a household registration test. Even though the fiscal budget for this program steadily increased in the last two decades, the number of beneficiaries has decreased in both rural and urban areas since 2011. The recipients were stigmatized because their names are reported in the public domain and are known to their neighbors. Some beneficiaries tended to reduce social participation for fear of losing the eligibilities due to the stricter criteria or the stigma associated with receiving benefits. This paper examined the adverse impact of this welfare program on social isolation among Chinese middle-aged and older adults (n=8,447) using the panel data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and the propensity score weighted difference-in-differences method (PSM-DID). The results present disparities between urban and rural older adults—The older program recipients in urban areas significantly reduced social participation by 20.53%, while the adverse impact was not statistically significant among rural recipients. Compared to older adults (aged 60 and above), middle-aged adults (aged between 45 and 60) were not socially isolated due to program enrollment in both rural and urban areas at the 95% confidence level. This paper for the first time addresses the causal relationship between program enrollment and the adverse impact of social isolation. It also alerts policymakers and local program administrators to protect older program recipients from stigma, sense of shame, and reduced social connection.

scholarly journals Digitization as a Driver fur Rural Development—An Indicative Description of German Coworking Space Users

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Marco Hölzel ◽  
Walter Timo de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Coworking Spaces

Background: The urban-rural land divide is visible through where people choose to work. This article aims to detect how, where and why people use rural coworking spaces instead of or in addition to working in urban areas. Methods: The research relied on both documented evidence and a structured survey among users of coworking spaces. Results: We found that the choice of working in rural coworking spaces draws on certain benefits and opportunities for its users, such as avoiding social isolation, separating private and professional life, reducing the commuting. An additional benefit for rural towns and villages is that the presence of a coworking space can make the location more vital, lively and attractive. Conclusions (and recommendations): Coworking space could partially bridge the urban-rural land divide. However, understanding this requires more insights in the behavior of rural coworking space users. Further research could look into modelling cause-effect relations and predicting coworking user behavior and the effect on their environment.

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