scholarly journals Encapsulation of Lactobacillus reuteri in W1/O/W2 double emulsions: Formulation, storage and in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion stability

LWT ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111423
Author(s):  
Ali Marefati ◽  
Anastasios Pitsiladis ◽  
Elin Oscarsson ◽  
Niclas Ilestam ◽  
Björn Bergenståhl
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Double Emulsions ◽  
Intestinal Digestion

scholarly journals Effect of In Vitro Digestion on Water-in-Oil-in-Water Emulsions Containing Anthocyanins from Grape Skin Powder

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weili Xu ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Sophia Xue ◽  
John Shi ◽  
Loong-Tak Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Grape Skin ◽  
Double Emulsions ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Droplet Sizes

The effects of in vitro batch digestion on water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions encapsulated with anthocyanins (ACNs) from grape skin were investigated. The double emulsions exhibited the monomodal distribution (d = 686 ± 25 nm) showing relatively high encapsulation efficiency (87.74 ± 3.12%). After in vitro mouth digestion, the droplet size (d = 771 ± 26 nm) was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The double W1/O/W2 emulsions became a single W1/O emulsion due to proteolysis, which were coalesced together to form big particles with significant increases (p < 0.01) of average droplet sizes (d > 5 µm) after gastric digestion. During intestinal digestion, W1/O droplets were broken to give empty oil droplets and released ACNs in inner water phase, and the average droplet sizes (d < 260 nm) decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that ACNs were effectively protected by W/O/W double emulsions against in vitro mouth digestion and gastric, and were delivered in the simulated small intestine phase.

scholarly journals Impact of the Simulated Gastric Digestion Methodology on the In Vitro Intestinal Proteolysis and Lipolysis of Emulsion Gels

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Camila Mella ◽  
Michelle Quilaqueo ◽  
Rommy N. Zúñiga ◽  
Elizabeth Troncoso
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Protein Isolate ◽  
Gastric Digestion ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gel Structure ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Food Digestion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Digestion Methods

The aim of this work was to study the impact of the methodology of in vitro gastric digestion (i.e., in terms of motility exerted and presence of gastric emptying) and gel structure on the degree of intestinal proteolysis and lipolysis of emulsion gels stabilized by whey protein isolate. Emulsions were prepared at pH 4.0 and 7.0 using two homogenization pressures (500 and 1000 bar) and then the emulsions were gelled by heat treatment. These gels were characterized in terms of texture analysis, and then were subjected to one of the following gastric digestion methods: in vitro mechanical gastric system (IMGS) or in vitro gastric digestion in a stirred beaker (SBg). After gastric digestion, the samples were subjected to in vitro intestinal digestion in a stirred beaker (SBi). Hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness were significantly higher in gels at pH 7.0. The degree of proteolysis was higher in samples digested by IMGS–SBi (7–21%) than SBg–SBi (3–5%), regardless of the gel’s pH. For SBg–SBi, the degree of proteolysis was not affected by pH, but when operating the IMGS, higher hydrolysis values were obtained for gels at pH 7.0 (15–21%) than pH 4.0 (7–13%). Additionally, the percentage of free fatty acids (%FFA) released was reduced by 47.9% in samples digested in the IMGS–SBi. For the methodology SBg–SBi, the %FFA was not affected by the pH, but in the IMGS, higher values were obtained for gels at pH 4.0 (28–30%) than pH 7.0 (15–19%). Our findings demonstrate the importance of choosing representative methods to simulate food digestion in the human gastrointestinal tract and their subsequent impact on nutrient bioaccessibility.

scholarly journals Xylitol enhances synthesis of propionate in the colon via cross-feeding of gut microbiota

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Xiang ◽  
Kun Ye ◽  
Mian Li ◽  
Jian Ying ◽  
Huanhuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Phosphate Acetyltransferase

Abstract Background Xylitol, a white or transparent polyol or sugar alcohol, is digestible by colonic microorganisms and promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but the mechanism underlying these effects remains unknown. We studied mice fed with 0%, 2% (2.17 g/kg/day), or 5% (5.42 g/kg/day) (weight/weight) xylitol in their chow for 3 months. In addition to the in vivo digestion experiments in mice, 3% (weight/volume) (0.27 g/kg/day for a human being) xylitol was added to a colon simulation system (CDMN) for 7 days. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing, beneficial metabolism biomarker quantification, metabolome, and metatranscriptome analyses to investigate the prebiotic mechanism of xylitol. The representative bacteria related to xylitol digestion were selected for single cultivation and co-culture of two and three bacteria to explore the microbial digestion and utilization of xylitol in media with glucose, xylitol, mixed carbon sources, or no-carbon sources. Besides, the mechanisms underlying the shift in the microbial composition and SCFAs were explored in molecular contexts. Results In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that xylitol did not significantly influence the structure of the gut microbiome. However, it increased all SCFAs, especially propionate in the lumen and butyrate in the mucosa, with a shift in its corresponding bacteria in vitro. Cross-feeding, a relationship in which one organism consumes metabolites excreted by the other, was observed among Lactobacillus reuteri, Bacteroides fragilis, and Escherichia coli in the utilization of xylitol. At the molecular level, we revealed that xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14), xylulokinase (EC 2.7.1.17), and xylulose phosphate isomerase (EC 5.1.3.1) were key enzymes in xylitol metabolism and were present in Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae. Therefore, they are considered keystone bacteria in xylitol digestion. Also, xylitol affected the metabolic pathway of propionate, significantly promoting the transcription of phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) in Bifidobacterium and increasing the production of propionate. Conclusions Our results revealed that those key enzymes for xylitol digestion from different bacteria can together support the growth of micro-ecology, but they also enhanced the concentration of propionate, which lowered pH to restrict relative amounts of Escherichia and Staphylococcus. Based on the cross-feeding and competition among those bacteria, xylitol can dynamically balance proportions of the gut microbiome to promote enzymes related to xylitol metabolism and SCFAs.

The characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented food as potential probiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-749
Author(s):  
Victoria Yulita Fitriani ◽  
Budi Suprapti ◽  
Muhammad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk

Abstract Objectives This study aims to determine the characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri from fermented soursop fruit juice and cow’s milk, respectively as probiotic candidate based on exposure to pH, bile salts, pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotics. Methods In vitro studies were conducted to examine the resistance of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri in pH 2, 2.5, 3.2, and 7.2, resistance to bile salts, resistance to pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and antituberculosis antibiotics. Results Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri isolates remained unchanged (6.3 × 107 CFU/mL and 5.03 × 107 CFU/mL) at various acidic pH, and had a low survival rate in Ox gall 0.3% (bile salts). These isolates also showed antibacterial properties against pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. Both of these bacteria are quite safe to be used together with ofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin, antibiotic for tuberculosis therapy. Conclusions The results showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri from fermented soursop fruit juice and cow’s milk respectively fulfilled the characteristics of probiotic and could potentially be used as adjunct therapy in tuberculosis drug-resistance.

Depletion of gut secretory immunoglobulin A coated Lactobacillus reuteri is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus-related intestinal mucosal barrier damage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haowen Zhang ◽  
Ce Qi ◽  
Yuning Zhao ◽  
Mengyao Lu ◽  
Xinyue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) may be related to intestinal mucosal damage and inflammation-induced dysbiosis of secretory IgA (SIgA) coated microbiota. SIgA coated L. reuteri can reduce the level of inflammation of GDM in vitro.

scholarly journals Protective effect of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 against experimental necrotizing enterocolitis is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (2) ◽  
pp. G231-G240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Hoang ◽  
Baokun He ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Dat Q. Tran ◽  
J. Marc Rhoads ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR 17938) has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). It is unclear if preventing NEC by LR 17938 is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which is known to mediate proinflammatory responses to bacterial cell wall components. NEC was induced in newborn TLR2−/− or wild-type (WT) mice by the combination of gavage-feeding cow milk-based formula and exposure to hypoxia and cold stress. Treatment groups were administered formula supplemented with LR 17938 or placebo (deMan-Rogosa-Sharpe media). We observed that LR 17938 significantly reduced the incidence of NEC and reduced the percentage of activated effector CD4+T cells, while increasing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the intestinal mucosa of WT mice with NEC, but not in TLR2−/− mice. Dendritic cell (DC) activation by LR 17938 was mediated by TLR2. The percentage of tolerogenic DC in the intestine of WT mice was increased by LR 17938 treatment during NEC, a finding not observed in TLR2−/− mice. Furthermore, gut levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ were decreased after treatment with LR 17938 in WT mice but not in TLR2−/− mice. In conclusion, the combined in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that TLR2 receptors are involved in DC recognition and DC-priming of T cells to protect against NEC after oral administration of LR 17938. Our studies further clarify a major mechanism of probiotic LR 17938 action in preventing NEC by showing that neonatal immune modulation of LR 17938 is mediated by a mechanism requiring TLR2. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (LR 17938) has been shown to protect against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in neonates and in neonatal animal models. The role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) as a sensor for gram-positive probiotics, activating downstream anti-inflammatory responses is unclear. Our current studies examined TLR2 −/− mice subjected to experimental NEC and demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of LR 17938 are mediated via a mechanism requiring TLR2.

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