Two types of Ca2+ currents were recorded in single dialyzed canine cardiac Purkinje cells using a whole cell voltage clamp technique. T-type current was easily separated from L-type current, because its voltage dependence of inactivation and activation was more negative and it decayed rapidly. L-type current was available at more depolarized holding potentials, activated at more positive voltages, and decayed slowly. In 2 mM extracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca]o), the average peak T- and L-type current density was 1.70 and 2.87 pA/pF, respectively. T-type current was relatively insensitive to modification by Ca2+, nifedipine, Cd2+, BAY K 8644, or isoproterenol. T-type current was more sensitive to block by Ni2+ and amiloride. Replacement of Ca2+ by Ba2+ or Sr2+ did not increase T-type current. Changes in the Ca2+ or Ba2+ concentration caused parallel shifts in the voltage dependence of several kinetic parameters for L- and T-type current. In 2 mM [Ca]o, the V1/2 (Boltzmann fit) for inactivation of T-type current was -68 mV with a slope of 3.9, and for L-type current the V1/2 was -31 mV with a slope of 5.5. Recovery from inactivation of L- and T-type current was voltage dependent, and for similar conditions L-type current recovered from inactivation more rapidly than T-type current. These findings show that T- and L-type currents are large in cardiac Purkinje cells, and they can easily be separated by their voltage, kinetic, and pharmacological differences. Both may have important physiological roles.
Evolutionary Design Optimization of an Alkaline Water Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Production
