Decoupling the mechanisms in chalcopyrite flotation with high sodium bentonite content when using saline water containing divalent cations

Mature field-grown grapevines, Colombard on Ramsey rootstock, grown in a semi-arid climate were irrigated with saline water during any one of 4 growth stages within the season: pre-flowering, during berry development, during berry ripening, and post-harvest. At other times, plots were irrigated with river water (EC 0.5 dS/m) as was the control throughout the season. Saline water (EC 3.5 dS/m) with a high sodium absorption ratio was produced by addition of sodium chloride brine. Soil cation exchange capacity was 14 cmolc/kg, and at the end of the trial, the soil exchangeable sodium percentage in the control was 6%, in the treatment salinised pre-flowering 13%, during berry development 20%, during berry ripening 20%, and post-harvest 19%. Treatments were applied for 6 consecutive seasons. Vines were highly productive, with the average yield in the control equal to 62 t/ha of grapes. Saline irrigation caused significant, but small, declines in yield in 3 seasons, in pruning weights in 2 seasons, and in berry weights in 4 seasons. Effects on growth, once established, often persisted unchanged through one or more subsequent seasons of saline irrigation. The growth stage shown to be most sensitive to saline irrigation was berry development; saline irrigation during berry development reduced the yield by 7% and during berry ripening by 3%, and pre-flowering it reduced the berry weight by 1%, during berry development by 6%, and during berry ripening by 4%. The amounts of irrigation applied in each of the 4 growth stages were not equal, and hence, treatments did not receive equal additions of salt. Normalising data to remove this effect showed that the rate of yield decline per unit dS/m increase in the seasonal average salinity during berry development, 7%/dS.m, was 3-fold greater than the 2%/dS.m during berry ripening. We conclude that this scion/rootstock combination, grown under these conditions, can maintain high productivity despite ‘slugs’ of saline irrigation.

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Antimony alloying electrode for high-performance sodium removal: how to use a battery material not stable in aqueous media for saline water remediation

Journal of Materials Chemistry A ◽

10.1039/d0ta09806j ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 585-596

Author(s):

Stefanie Arnold ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Öznil Budak ◽

Mesut Aslan ◽

Pattarachai Srimuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Saline Water ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Water Remediation ◽

Uptake Capacity ◽

High Sodium ◽

Sodium Removal ◽

Battery Material ◽

Exchange Membrane

The high sodium uptake capacity of antimony can be used for high performance water desalination by using a ceramic ion-exchange membrane.

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Rheological Study on ATBS-AM Copolymer-Surfactant System in High-Temperature and High-Salinity Environment

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/801570 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽

Ibnelwaleed Ali Hussien ◽

Abdullah Saad Sultan ◽

Ming Han

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Saline Water ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Viscosity Reduction ◽

Tertiary Butyl ◽

Water Viscosity

Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the rheological properties of surfactant-polymer (SP) system. This SP system consists of a copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and acrylamido tertiary butyl sulfonate (ATBS) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant. Effects of surfactant concentration, temperature, polymer concentration, and salinity on rheological properties of SP system were investigated by means of oscillation and shear measurements. Comparison with classical partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was made. For the same temperature range, the viscosity drop for HPAM was about four times higher than the viscosity drop for ATBS-AM copolymer. In deionized water, viscosity of both polymers and SP systems was very high as compared to viscosity in saline water. Viscosity reduction of ATBS-AM copolymer was higher for salts having divalent cations. The SP system showed precipitation in presence of divalent cations. It worked well with monovalent cations even at relatively high salinities. The addition of 0.1% surfactant to the polymer resulted in a 60% decrease in the viscosity. Some interfacial rheological experiments were also carried out to investigate the behaviors on the interface between SP solutions and oil. Addition of 0.1% surfactant showed a 65% decrease inG′at SP solution-oil interface. SP system consisting of ATBS-AM and SDS showed better performance at high temperature compared to HPAM-SDS system. Due to precipitation, the SP system should be restricted to environment having low divalent cations.

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Saline Irrigation Affects Growth and Leaf Tissue Nutrient Concentration of Three Native Landscape Plant Species

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.26.3.309 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 309-313

Author(s):

Judson S. LeCompte ◽

Amy N. Wright ◽

Charlene M. LeBleu ◽

J. Raymond Kessler

Keyword(s):

Saline Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Visual Observation ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

High Sodium ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Landscape Plant ◽

Nacl Concentration

Greywater is a renewable irrigation alternative to potable water; however, its use as an irrigation source is limited by the potential for salt injury to plants. Research was conducted to determine salt tolerance of three common landscape species, small anise tree (Illicium parviflorum), ‘Henry’s Garnet’ sweetspire (Itea virginica), and muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris). Two experiments were performed, one with high sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations and one with low NaCl concentrations. Plants received daily irrigation of tap water containing one of the following NaCl concentrations: 0 (tap water); 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, or 10,000 mg·L−1 (high NaCl); or 0 (tap water), 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L−1 (low NaCl) for 15 weeks. Plants were harvested after 5, 10, or 15 weeks. Root dry weight (RDW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) were determined at each harvest; survival was determined at experiment termination. Leaf tissue was analyzed for tissue macronutrient [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and, magnesium (Mg)], sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) concentrations in the high NaCl concentration experiment. With high NaCl, RDW and SDW decreased with increasing NaCl for all species. Anise and sweetspire had low or no survival, respectively, at the highest NaCl concentration; muhly grass had 100% survival regardless of treatment. In general, leaf macronutrient, Na, and Cl increased with increasing NaCl concentration. With low NaCl, there was no effect of NaCl concentration on RDW or SDW for all species. All three species continued to grow between harvest dates in the lower NaCl concentration experiment, whereas only anise and muhly grass continued to grow with high NaCl. Anise and muhly grass were tolerant of saline irrigation that could be expected from greywater. Sweetspire exhibited symptoms of salt stress (necrotic leaves and leaf drop, visual observation) at all NaCl concentrations including the lowest (250 mg·L−1), and should not be irrigated with saline water.

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Diffusion of Uranium in Compacted Sodium Bentonite

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-294-409 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 294 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arto Muurinen ◽

Kaija Ollila ◽

Jarmo Lehikoinen

Keyword(s):

Uranium Oxide ◽

Saline Water ◽

Diffusion Mechanism ◽

Effective Diffusion ◽

Salt Content ◽

Sodium Bentonite ◽

Effective Diffusion Coefficients ◽

Anionic Complexes ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽

Wyoming Bentonite

ABSTRACTIn this study the diffusion of uranium dissolved from uranium oxide fuel was studied experimentally in compacted sodium bentonite (Wyoming bentonite MX-80). The parameters varied in the study were the density of bentonite, the salt content of the solution and the redox conditions. In the studies with non-saline water of total dissolved solids about 300 ppm, uranium was both in aerobic and anaerobic experiments as anionic complexes and followed the anionic diffusion mechanism. Anion exclusion decreased effective diffusion coefficients, especially in more dense samples. In the studies with saline water of total dissolves solids about 35000 ppm, uranium appeared in the aerobic experiments probably as cationic complexes and followed the cationic diffusion mechanism. Uranium in the saline, anaerobic experiment was probably U(OH)4 and followed the diffusion mechanism of neutral species.

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Ultrastructural Localization of Acid Mucosubstance in Skeletal Muscle

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100060271 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 52-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William J. Dougherty ◽

Samuel S. Spicer

Keyword(s):

Striated Muscle ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Ultrastructural Localization ◽

Major Elements ◽

Frozen Sections ◽

Thorium Dioxide ◽

Iron Solution ◽

Coupling System ◽

Psoas Muscles ◽

Formalin Fixed

In recent years, considerable attention has focused on the morphological nature of the excitation-contraction coupling system of striated muscle. Since the study of Porter and Palade, it has become evident that the sarcoplastic reticulum (SR) and transverse tubules constitute the major elements of this system. The problem still exists, however, of determining the mechamisms by which the signal to interdigitate is presented to the thick and thin myofilaments. This problem appears to center on the movement of Ca++ions between myofilaments and SR. Recently, Philpott and Goldstein reported acid mucosubstance associated with the SR of fish branchial muscle using the colloidal thorium dioxide technique, and suggested that this material may serve to bind or release divalent cations such as Ca++. In the present study, Hale's iron solution adapted to electron microscopy was applied to formalin-fixed myofibrils isolated from glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas muscles and to frozen sections of formalin-fixed rat psoas muscles.

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Structure, assembly and interactions of the nuclear lamina and the nuclear pore complex

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010012285x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 490-491

Author(s):

N. Panté ◽

M. Jarnik ◽

E. Heitlinger ◽

U. Aebi

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Pore Complex ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Nuclear Lamina ◽

Dynamic Structure ◽

Nucleocytoplasmic Transport ◽

Nuclear Pore ◽

Cytoplasmic Filaments ◽

Radial Spokes ◽

Nuclear Ring ◽

Central Plug

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a ∼120 MD supramolecular machine implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport, that is embedded in the double-membraned nuclear envelope (NE). The basic framework of the ∼120 nm diameter NPC consists of a 32 MD cytoplasmic ring, a 66 MD ‘plug-spoke’ assembly, and a 21 MD nuclear ring. The ‘central plug’ seen in en face views of the NPC reveals a rather variable appearance indicating that it is a dynamic structure. Projecting from the cytoplasmic ring are 8 short, twisted filaments (Fig. 1a), whereas the nuclear ring is topped with a ‘fishtrap’ made of 8 thin filaments that join distally to form a fragile, 30-50 nm distal diameter ring centered above the NPC proper (Fig. 1b). While the cytoplasmic filaments are sensitive to proteases, they as well as the nuclear fishtraps are resistant to RNase treatment. Removal of divalent cations destabilizes the distal rings and thereby opens the fishtraps, addition causes them to reform. Protruding from the tips of the radial spokes into perinuclear space are ‘knobs’ that might represent the large lumenal domain of gp210, a membrane-spanning glycoprotein (Fig. 1c) which, in turn, may play a topogenic role in membrane folding and/or act as a membrane-anchoring site for the NPC. The lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) which is known to recognize the ‘nucleoporins’, a family of glycoproteins having O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine, is found in two locations on the NPC (Fig. 1. d-f): (i) whereas the cytoplasmic filaments appear unlabelled (Fig. 1d&e), WGA-gold labels sites between the central plug and the cytoplasmic ring (Fig. le; i.e., at a radius of 25-35 nm), and (ii) it decorates the distal ring of the nuclear fishtraps (Fig. 1, d&f; arrowheads).

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Effects of Mg2+ on Chromatic Structure in Isolated Chicken Liver Nuclei

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100158194 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 130-131

Author(s):

Soichiro Arai ◽

Yuh H. Nakanishi

Keyword(s):

Chromatin Structure ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Chromatin Condensation ◽

Chicken Liver ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Razor Blade ◽

Microscopic Studies ◽

Liver Nuclei

Although many electron microscopic studies on extracted chromatin have provided considerable information on chromatin condensation induced by divalent cations, there is only a little literature available on the effects of divalent cations on chromatin structure in intact nuclei. In the present study, the effects of Mg2+ on chromatin structure in isolated chicken liver nuclei were examined over a wide concentration range of Mg2+ by scanning electron microscopy.Nuclei were prepared from chicken liver by the method of Chauveau et al. with some modifications. The nuclei were suspended in 25 mM triethanolamine chloride buffer (pH7.4) with 1 mM EDTA or in the buffer with concentrations of MgCl2 varying from 1 to 50 mM. After incubation for 1 min at 0°C, glutaraldehyde was added to 1.8% and the nuclei were fixed for 1 h at 4°C. The fixed nuclei were mixed with 15% gelatin solution warmed at about 40°C, and kept at room temperature until the mixture set. The gelatin containing the nuclei was fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde for 2-4 h, and cut into small blocks. The gelatin blocks were conductive-stained with 2% tannic acid and 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, and freeze-cracked with a razor blade in liquid nitrogen.

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Limnological characteristics, community metabolism and management strategies of a coastal sinkhole in Cuba (Cenote Jennifer)

Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology ◽

10.1051/limn/2020022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Roberto González-De Zayas ◽

Liosban Lantigua Ponce de León ◽

Liezel Guerra Rodríguez ◽

Felipe Matos Pupo ◽

Leslie Hernández-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Primary Productivity ◽

Major Ions ◽

Saline Water ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Tourist Destination ◽

Community Metabolism ◽

Morphological Studies ◽

Made In ◽

Limnological Parameters

The Cenote Jennifer is an important and unique aquatic sinkhole in Cayo Coco (Jardines del Rey Tourist Destination) that has brackish to saline water. Two samplings were made in 1998 and 2009, and 4 metabolism community experiments in 2009. Some limnological parameters were measured in both samplings (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen major ions, hydrogen sulfide, nutrients and others). Community metabolism was measured through incubated oxygen concentration in clear and dark oxygen bottles. Results showed that the sinkhole limnology depends on rainfall and light incidence year, with some stratification episodes, due to halocline or oxycline presence, rather than thermocline. The sinkhole water was oligotrophic (total nitrogen of 41.5 ± 22.2 μmol l−1 and total phosphorus of 0.3 ± 0.2 μmol l−1) and with low productivity (gross primary productivity of 63.0 mg C m−2 d−1). Anoxia and hypoxia were present at the bottom with higher levels of hydrogen sulfide, lower pH and restricted influence of the adjacent sea (2 km away). To protect the Cenote Jennifer, tourist exploitation should be avoided and more resources to ecological and morphological studies should be allocated, and eventually use this aquatic system only for specialized diving. For conservation purposes, illegal garbage disposal in the surrounding forest should end.

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Further Studies on Aggregation of Platelet-Type von Willebrand’s Disease Platelets by Human von Willebrand Factor

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1661559 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 55 (03) ◽

pp. 338-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H Takahashi ◽

W Tatewaki ◽

M Hanano ◽

R Nagayama ◽

A Shibata

Keyword(s):

Von Willebrand Factor ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Peanut Agglutinin ◽

Von Willebrand's Disease ◽

Von Willebrand’S Disease ◽

Ricinus Communis Agglutinin ◽

Von Willebrand ◽

Induced Aggregation ◽

Willebrand Factor

SummaryPlatelet-type von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is a bleeding disorder characterized by a heightened interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) as the result of an intrinsic platelet abnormality (probably in GPIb). Platelet aggregability was nearly normal in response to thrombin, wheat germ agglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin in this disorder. Unmodified platelets showed no aggregation upon the addition of peanut agglutinin. Partially purified human vWF induced little aggregation of washed patient platelets, but the aggregation was greatly enhanced in the presence of plasma devoid of vWF. Monoclonal antibodies directed against GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa as well as EDTA completely inhibited vWF-induced aggregation. These results indicate that human vWF induces aggregation of platelet-type vWD platelets in the presence of divalent cations and some plasma cofactor(s), and that both GPIb and GPIIb/IIIa are involved in this aggregation.

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