Extractive desulfurization of diesel fuel by amide-based type IV deep eutectic solvents

2021 ◽  
pp. 116620
Author(s):  
Lixian Xu ◽  
Yaping Luo ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Jie Yin ◽  
Hongping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Type Iv

scholarly journals Deep eutectic solvents extraction of dibenzothiophene in model diesel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Huan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sulfur Removal ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Content Standards ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Desulfurization Process

Organic sulfur compounds in diesel fuel produce SOx during combustion in vehicles, leading to severe environmental pollution and causing health issues. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established increasingly rigid sulfur-content standards, which has led to intense interest in deep desulfurization of diesel fuel. However, current desulfurization technology is not sufficient to achieve the ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) required for use in highway vehicles. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) appearing at the beginning of this century have become excellent extraction agents for the deep extractive desulfurization process, owing to its low cost, simple and environmentally friendly synthesis process, chemical stability, non-volatility, and being biodegradable. Research shows that DESs have better efficiency than traditional ionic liquids (ILs). Therefore, DESs are better suited for use in desulfurization. In this study, a new potassium salt-based DES was synthesized using potassium carbonate(K2CO3) and ethylene glycol (EG). This type of DES and 30 wt.% H2O2 were employed as extractant and oxidant separately for the desulfurization system. Various experiments were carried out on the process of oxidative desulfurization (ODS), extractive desulfurization(EDS) and extractive and oxidative desulfurization (EODS) to find the optimal desulfurization process with this new type of DES. The study found EDS to be the optimal desulfurization process, with a sulfur removal efficiency of 86% at 30[degrees]C after 2 hours, which is higher than most DESs.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation on the correlation between the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of six DESs in Kabachnik-Fields reaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaibuna Machingal ◽  
Sreekumar Krishnapillai
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Dimethyl Phosphite ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Regular Work ◽  
Work Up

Physicochemical properties of six Type IV- Deep eutectic solvents formed from ZrOCl2.8H2O/ CeCl3.7H2O   with urea, ethylene glycol & glycerol were compared. The study was performed by correlating the properties of DESs with their activity in Kabachnik-Fields reaction. Among the six DESs, lower density, viscosity, higher acidity & thermal stability were observed for DES 1(Deep eutectic solvent developed from ZrOCl2.8H2O and urea at 1: 5 ratio) and is reported as an excellent catalyst and reaction medium for the productive synthesis of α-aminophosphonates within a short period of time. One pot reaction of an aldehyde, dimethyl phosphite and amine (Kabachnik-Fields/ Phospha-Mannich reaction) took place at room temperature to give the corresponding α-aminophosphonates in good yield and the precipitation of these products in to water avoided the regular work up process. Catalyst was recycled up to five times without any loss in its activity.

Boric acid-based ternary deep eutectic solvent for extraction and oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3074-3080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Hao Jia ◽  
Hongping Li ◽  
Linhua Zhu ◽  
Runming Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
First Time

Ternary deep eutectic solvents were used for ODS of fuels (DESs) for the first time although most research continues to be focused on binary DESs.

Extractive denitrogenation of diesel fuel using ammonium- and phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents

2016 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 164-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanee F. Hizaddin ◽  
Mohamed K. Hadj-Kali ◽  
Anantharaj Ramalingam ◽  
Mohd Ali Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of dual Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvents for oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 394 ◽  
pp. 124831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Kun Zhu ◽  
Hongping Li ◽  
Linhua Zhu ◽  
Mingqing Hua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents

The LDE-Type Flare Occurrence (1969-1993)

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
A. Antalová
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Cycle Maximum ◽  
Flare Index

AbstractThe occurrence of LDE-type flares in the last three cycles has been investigated. The Fourier analysis spectrum was calculated for the time series of the LDE-type flare occurrence during the 20-th, the 21-st and the rising part of the 22-nd cycle. LDE-type flares (Long Duration Events in SXR) are associated with the interplanetary protons (SEP and STIP as well), energized coronal archs and radio type IV emission. Generally, in all the cycles considered, LDE-type flares mainly originated during a 6-year interval of the respective cycle (2 years before and 4 years after the sunspot cycle maximum). The following significant periodicities were found:• in the 20-th cycle: 1.4, 2.1, 2.9, 4.0, 10.7 and 54.2 of month,• in the 21-st cycle: 1.2, 1.6, 2.8, 4.9, 7.8 and 44.5 of month,• in the 22-nd cycle, till March 1992: 1.4, 1.8, 2.4, 7.2, 8.7, 11.8 and 29.1 of month,• in all interval (1969-1992):a)the longer periodicities: 232.1, 121.1 (the dominant at 10.1 of year), 80.7, 61.9 and 25.6 of month,b)the shorter periodicities: 4.7, 5.0, 6.8, 7.9, 9.1, 15.8 and 20.4 of month.Fourier analysis of the LDE-type flare index (FI) yields significant peaks at 2.3 - 2.9 months and 4.2 - 4.9 months. These short periodicities correspond remarkably in the all three last solar cycles. The larger periodicities are different in respective cycles.

Labelling of non-A, non-B hepatitis infected chimpanzee hepatocytes with nuclease-gold conjugates

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
G. D. Gagne ◽  
M. F. Miller ◽  
D. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tubular Structures ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Infected Chimpanzee

Experimental infection of chimpanzees with non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) or with delta agent hepatitis results in the appearance of characteristic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes. These alterations include spongelike inclusions (Type I), attached convoluted membranes (Type II), tubular structures (Type III), and microtubular aggregates (Type IV) (Fig. 1). Type I, II and III structures are, by association, believed to be derived from endoplasmic reticulum and may be morphogenetically related. Type IV structures are generally observed free in the cytoplasm but sometimes in the vicinity of type III structures. It is not known whether these structures are somehow involved in the replication and/or assembly of the putative NANB virus or whether they are simply nonspecific responses to cellular injury. When treated with uranyl acetate, type I, II and III structures stain intensely as if they might contain nucleic acids. If these structures do correspond to intermediates in the replication of a virus, one might expect them to contain DNA or RNA and the present study was undertaken to explore this possibility.

Effects of EDTA, Hyaluronidase and Collagenase on Epiphyseal Cartilage Matrix

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
H. Clarke Anderson ◽  
Priscilla R. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Matrix Vesicles ◽  
Cartilage Matrix ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Epiphyseal Cartilage ◽  
Dense Matrix ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Bovine Testicular Hyaluronidase ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Testicular Hyaluronidase

Epiphyseal cartilage matrix contains fibrils and particles of at least 5 different types: 1. Banded collagen fibrils, present throughout the matrix, but not seen in the lacunae. 2. Non-periodic fine fibrils <100Å in diameter (Fig. 1), which are most notable in the lacunae, and may represent immature collagen. 3. Electron dense matrix granules (Fig. 1) which are often attached to fine fibrils and collagen fibrils, and probably contain protein-polysaccharide although the possibility of a mineral content has not been excluded. 4. Matrix vesicles (Fig. 2) which show a selective distribution throughout the epiphysis, and may play a role in calcification. 5. Needle-like apatite crystals (Fig. 2).Blocks of formalin-fixed epiphysis from weanling mice were digested with the following agents in 0.1M phosphate buffer: a) 5% ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) at pH 8.3, b) 0.015% bovine testicular hyaluronidase (Sigma, type IV, 750 units/mg) at pH 5.5, and c) 0.1% collagenase (Worthington, chromatograhically pure, 200 units/mg) at pH 7.4. All digestions were carried out at 37°C overnight. Following digestion tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy to determine changes in the various fibrils and particles of the matrix.

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