Investigation of the mechanism of a facile method for ammonia treatment to effectively tune the morphology and conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films

2021 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 106081
Author(s):  
Chung-Hui Hsieh ◽  
Chien-Hao Huang ◽  
Po-Lun Chu ◽  
Sheng-Yuan Chu ◽  
Peter Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Treatment

scholarly journals Improving the Anaerobic Digestion of Swine Manure through an Optimized Ammonia Treatment: Process Performance, Digestate and Techno-Economic Aspects

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Anna Lymperatou ◽  
Niels B. Rasmussen ◽  
Hariklia N. Gavala ◽  
Ioannis V. Skiadas
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Batch Experiments ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia Soaking ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Reduction Efficiency

Swine manure mono-digestion results in relatively low methane productivity due to the low degradation rate of its solid fraction (manure fibers), and due to the high ammonia and water content. The aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) pretreatment of manure fibers has been proposed for overcoming these limitations. In this study, continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure mixed with optimally AAS-treated manure fibers was compared to the AD of manure mixed with untreated manure fibers. Due to lab-scale pumping restrictions, the ratio of AAS-optimally treated manure fibers to manure was only 1/3 on a total solids (TS) basis. However, the biogas productivity and methane yield were improved by 17% and 38%, respectively, also confirming the predictions from a simplified 1st order hydrolysis model based on batch experiments. Furthermore, an improved reduction efficiency of major organic components was observed for the digester processing AAS-treated manure fibers compared to the non-treated one (e.g., 42% increased reduction for cellulose fraction). A preliminary techno-economic analysis of the proposed process showed that mixing raw manure with AAS manure fibers in large-scale digesters could result in a 72% increase of revenue compared to the AD of manure mixed with untreated fibers and 135% increase compared to that of solely manure.

The effect of ammonia treatment on the intake of straw and hay when offered with rations of concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher ◽  
V. C. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Forage Intake

ABSTRACTFinnish Landrace × Dorset Horn ewes were offered 300, 600 or 900 g fresh weight per day of concentrates and forage ad libitum from day 105 of pregnancy until lambing. Spring barley straw (S) or hay (H) was offered either untreated (U) or following treatment with anhydrous ammonia in an oven (T). Organic matter digestibilities (in vitro) were 0·42, 0·58, 0·42 and 0·60 and nitrogen contents were 7·2, 18·6, 12·0 and 25·0 g/kg dry matter for US, TS, UH and TH respectively. Forage intake did not differ between ewes carrying two or more foetuses but the small number of ewes carrying one foetus ate more straw (6·8 v. 4·5 g organic matter (OM) per kg live weight) than ewes carrying two or more foetuses. Ammonia treatment increased intake; the increase was larger on straw (4·6 v. 100 g OM per kg live weight) than on hay (9·0 v. 10·7 g OM per kg live weight). Replacement rates of forage by concentrates were -0·21, +0·06, -0·48 and +0·08 kg forage per kg concentrates for treatments US, TS, UH and TH respectively; only the value for treatment UH differed significantly from zero. On most treatments forage intake decreased as pregnancy progressed and the declines were greater when treated forages were offered. Concentrate level had a large effect on most aspects of ewe performance. Ewes offered treated forage gained slightly more weight in pregnancy (138 v. 104 g/day), had a slightly smaller decrease in body condition score (-0·54 v. -0·68) between day 105 and lambing but did not have greater lamb birth weights than ewes on untreated forage.

Upgrading wheat straw with urea at a tropical temperature: effects of amount of urea and moisture on in vitro digestibility and pH

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
I.U. Haq ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
On Farm

Urea-ammonia treatment of straws in the tropics involves mixing 1.0 kg of air dry straw with 1.0 kg of a 40 g/kg urea solution and storing under plastic for at least 4 weeks (Schiere and Ibrahim, 1989). The economics of treatment is dependent on the cost of urea. Treatment cost would reduce, if on-farm-produced urine, e.g. cow urine, could be used as a source of urea. However cow urine is dilute and may contain only 10 g/kg urea or less (Owen, 1993). The present study therefore investigated varying concentrations of urea solution for treating wheat straw at a tropical temperature.

The effect of method of urea-ammonia treatment on the subsequent utilization of rice straw by cross bred bull calves

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
V.R. Kumarasuntharam ◽  
M.C.N. Jayasuriya ◽  
H.B. Perdok
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Bull Calves

A Modified THPOH-Ammonia Treatment of Cotton to Impart Flame Retardancy and Antibacterial Properties

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norton A. Cashen
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Textile Finishing ◽  
Undecenoic Acid

In cotton textile finishing, antibacterial agents have been chemically bended with a flame-retardant polymer for the topical control of specific bacteria such as S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Such agents might have esthetic and/or therapeutic functions. The hydrazide of 10-undecenoic acid imparted antibacterial properties to cotton when it was incorporated in the THPOH-NH2 flame-retardant finish.

Solid phase characterization and transformation of illite mineral with gas-phase ammonia treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 127657
Author(s):  
Silvina A. Di Pietro ◽  
Hilary P. Emerson ◽  
Yelena Katsenovich ◽  
Timothy J. Johnson ◽  
Ryan M. Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Phase Characterization

Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
R.A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).

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