Stability and change in adults' literacy and numeracy skills: Evidence from two large-scale panel studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 110990
Author(s):  
Clemens M. Lechner ◽  
Britta Gauly ◽  
Ai Miyamoto ◽  
Alexandra Wicht
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Numeracy Skills ◽  
Panel Studies

Developing Reliable Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-154
Author(s):  
Duane F. Alwin
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Survey Questions ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Panel Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Composite Variables ◽  
Over Time

This chapter presents a general approach to assessing the reliability of measurement of survey questions—those in common use in many surveys. The approach, which relies on a robust set of longitudinal design requirements, applies the quasi-Markov simplex model to multi-wave data in the evaluation of measurement errors for survey questions. Under particular assumptions, this model produces a set of estimates that conform to the psychometric definition of measurement reliability, defined as the ratio of true variance to observed variance. These models attribute some of the over-time inconsistency in measurements to unreliability and some to true change. This strategy rejects traditional notions of reliability that rely on internal consistency estimates for composite variables, as well as the simple test–retest approach to estimating reliability. Rather, the emphasis is on the separation of unreliability from true change in observations made over time. The importance of meeting several design requirements for using these over-time statistical models is also emphasized. These include the use of large-scale panel studies representative of known populations, with a minimum of three waves of measurement, separated by lengthy re-interview intervals, and limited to exactly replicated questions over the multiple waves. Results are presented from several three-wave panel studies that have employed this design, which provide evidence for the utility of the approach in the evaluation of the quality of survey measurement with respect to question content, context, and form.

scholarly journals Parent Ratings of Preschoolers’ Numeracy Skills are Predictive of Direct Assessments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Lin ◽  
Amy Napoli ◽  
Sara Schmitt ◽  
David J. Purpura
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Parent Ratings ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Simple Arithmetic ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
White Parents ◽  
Numeracy Skills

The current study examines whether parent ratings of children’s numeracy skills are skill- and domain-specific to inform how to best utilize parent ratings in research. Children in the sample (N=129) ranged from 3.07 to 5.95 years old and 52.3% were male. Most (81%) of the children were White. Parents were asked to rate their children’s counting, simple arithmetic, and numeral identification skills. Children were directly assessed on these skills, as well as their broad numeracy abilities, and other cognitive skills (e.g., expressive vocabulary, executive function). Parent ratings of their children’s numeracy skills varied in terms of how skill-specific they were. However, aggregated parent ratings predicted directly assessed broad numeracy abilities, more so than other cognitive skills, providing evidence for discriminant validity. Findings inform how parent ratings may be used in research, especially in cases where children cannot be directly assessed, such as when large-scale parent surveys are used.

Stability and change in strategic action fields: Municipal solid waste incineration in China, 1988–2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 2057150X2098084
Author(s):  
Xixi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Msw Incineration

The theory of strategic action fields (SAFs) is a perspective from which to better understand the emergence, stability, and change of the meso-level social order. However, the transferability of this theoretical perspective requires additional empirical evidence. Therefore, this study regards municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China as a SAF, in which various forces vie for the dominant position around the construction and operation of incineration plants. Given that all fields are embedded in a shifting social and cultural context, I analyze the interactions and competitions between incumbents and challengers. I then examine a series of consecutive events in the SAF, such as the emergence of the waste crisis, the development of MSW incineration, and consequential episodes of contention. I also investigate other factors that may affect the prospects for stability and change of the SAF, including actions of the state, influences of other related fields, and large-scale crises. By tracing the developmental trajectory of the SAF of MSW incineration, I discuss the applicability of the theory of SAFs to understanding an underexplored field in China.

Geographical Change and the Law of the Sea

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Purcell
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Territorial Sovereignty ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Scale Population ◽  
The Law ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

This book examines the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction under the law of the sea. In a multistranded intervention, it analyses and critiques both the explicit and implicit reasoning underpinning the familiar claim that maritime limits are, as a general rule, ambulatory—shifting with changes to the coast. The book examines and challenges related and analogous arguments regarding the implications of geographical change for maritime boundaries. It attempts to clarify the principles and presumptions bearing upon an assessment of the fluidity of boundaries generally. Finally, it considers and contests claims that entitlement to maritime space will be lost if the features generating such entitlement are submerged by rising seas. This analysis is extended in a comment on the implications of a loss of habitable land and large-scale population displacement for continuing territorial sovereignty and statehood. The in-depth analysis of the existing law in this book offers new answers to the question of the implications of geographical change for entitlement to maritime space, maritime limits, and international maritime boundaries. It also helps to clarify the circumstances in which either or both territorial sovereignty and statehood may be lost, explaining why the impacts of climate change upon land and population will not automatically have this result—even if the affected State is no longer ‘effective’ as a State or territorial sovereign. The book includes an analysis of the principle of intertemporal law that suggests a useful framework for considering questions of stability and change in international law more broadly.

Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
D. Kubáček ◽  
A. Galád ◽  
A. Pravda
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Harvard College Observatory ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
P. Ambrož
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Line ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Source Surface ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Characteristic Relationship ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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