Clinical doses of citalopram or reboxetine differentially modulate passive and active behaviors of female Wistar rats with high or low immobility time in the forced swimming test

Objective: To evaluate the possible antidepressant effects of alpha-terpineol in rodents. Material and Methods: Depression levels were analyzed by comparing the total immobility time presented by the animals of the experimental groups in the test session, using the Forced Swimming Test and the Tail Suspension Test. The parameters of locomotion (central, peripheral and total) and motor coordination were evaluated in the Open Field Test and in the Rota Rod Test, respectively. In the second stage, the involvement of the noradrenergic system in the antidepressant action of alpha-terpineol in Forced Swimming Test was investigated. Results and Discussion: After performing the experimental tests, it was observed that the animals that received alpha-terpineol had reduced immobility time in Forced Swimming Test and Tail Suspension Test, compared to the other groups. In the Open Field Test and Rota-rod, the mice showed, respectively, good exploratory activity and motor coordination during the tests. In addition, the study of the Noradrenergic System proved to be a promising mechanism used during its antidepressant action. Conclusion: In view of the results of the experimental tests, alpha-terpineol presented similar responses to those found in other monoterpenes investigated in the literature. Thus, it is shown as a promising antidepressant to be used clinically in humans, with less side effects and low production cost.

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Effects of Electroacupuncture on Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Rats Depression-Like Behavior and Expression of p-ERK/ERK and p-P38/P38

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/650729 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jian Xu ◽

Yanling She ◽

Ning Su ◽

Ruixin Zhang ◽

Lixing Lao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Sucrose Solution ◽

Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Swimming Test

We investigate the antidepressant-like effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on a chronic unpredictable mild stress rats depression-like behavior. In our study, depression in rats was induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) and isolation for four weeks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Normal, Model, EA, and Sham EA. EA treatment was administered for two weeks, once a day for five days a week. Two acupoints, Yintang (EX-HN3) and Baihui (GV20), were selected. For sham EA, acupuncture needles were inserted shallowly into the acupoints: EX-HN3 and GV20. No electrostimulator was connected. The antidepressant-like effect of the electroacupuncture treatment was measured by sucrose intake test, open field test, and forced swimming test in rats. The protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK1/2)/ERK1/2 and p-P38/P38 in the hippocampus (HP) were examined by Western blot analysis. Our data demonstrate that EA treatment decreased the immobility time of forced swimming test and improved the sucrose solution intake in comparison to unpredictable chronic mild stress and placebo sham control. Electroacupuncture may act on depression by enhancing p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 in the hippocampus.

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Effects of Stimulation and Blockade of Receptor on Depression-Like Behavior in Ovariectomized Female Rats

ISRN Pharmacology ◽

10.5402/2012/305645 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Julia Fedotova

Keyword(s):

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Receptor Agonist ◽

Low Dose ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Female Rats ◽

Ovx Rats ◽

Wistar Strain ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Swimming Test

The aim of the present study was to explore the hedonic effects of D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole and D2 receptor antagonist, and sulpiride alone or in combination with a low dose of 17β-E2-estradiol (17β-E2) in the adult ovariectomized female rats (OVX). OVX rats of Wistar strain were used in all experiments. Two weeks after surgery rats were chronically treated with vehicle, a low dose of 17β-E2 (5.0 μg/rat), quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg), sulpiride (10.0 mg/kg), quinpirole plus 17β-E2, or sulpiride plus 17β-E2 for 14 days before the forced swimming test. We found that sulpiride significantly decreased immobility time in the OVX females. A combination of sulpiride with a low dose of 17β-E2 induced more profound decrease of immobility time in the OVX rats compared to the rats treated with sulpiride alone. On the contrary, quinpirole failed to modify depression-like behavior in the OVX rats. In addition, quinpirole significantly blocked the antidepressant-like effect of 17β-E2 in OVX rats. Thus, the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride alone or in combination with a low dose of 17β-E2 exerted antidepressant-like effect in OVX female rats, while the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole produced depressant-like profile on OVX rats.

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Lack of effect of eicosapentaenoic acid in the Porsolt forced swimming test model of depression

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.140501.x ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 203-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Alona Shaldubina ◽

Boris Nemets ◽

Yuly Bersudsky

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Test Model ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Swimming Test ◽

Clinical Experiments

Background:Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is one of the major components of fish oils. Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA, have been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Clinical studies have shown beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in major depression, bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders.Objective:The present study design evaluates the effect of EPA in the Porsolt forced swimming test.Results:EPA alone did not reduce the immobility time and did not enhance the anti-immobility effect of a low dose of imipramine. Contrary to the hypothesis, EPA slightly increased the immobility time, and in some experiments tended to reduce the anti-despair effect of imipramine.Conclusion:The present results do not provide an animal model for the antidepressant effect of EPA as demonstrated in clinical experiments. The mechanism of EPA antidepressant action is unknown and the Porsolt forced swimming test could be non-sensitive for its antidepressant properties.

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Antidepressant-like Effect of Baccharis Ilimita in the Forced Swimming Test in Mice

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70885-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Kikko ◽

P. Koerich ◽

E. Bondan ◽

F. Nunes ◽

M. Pizzolatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Open Field ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Positive Control ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Control Group ◽

Swiss Mice ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Swimming Test

The aim of the present work was to investigate if flowers extract (FE) and leaf extract (LE) of Baccharis ilimita (Asteraceae) induced antidepressant-like effect. Previous phytochemical investigations have shown the presence of structurally and biogenetically diverse secondary metabolites in this gene, such as flavonoids, diterpenes and triterpenes. Male Swiss mice were injected with FE and LE (12.5; 25.0 or 50.0 mg/kg; i.p.) or saline (S) and after 30 min, they were tested in the forced swimming test (FST). The results showed that FE and LE (50 mg/kg) decreased the duration of immobility time in comparison to the control group (S: 114.8s ± 10.23; FE50: 47.52s ± 9.45; LE50: 53.36s ± 10.38). However, the 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg doses had no effect on the immobility time in comparison to the control group. The FE and LE did not produce any change in ambulation in mice when tested in an open field. The imipramine (IMP; 15.0 mg/kg i.p.) was used as the positive control. Our results suggested that FE and LE of Baccharis ilimita presents antidepressant-like effect in mice. Such results suggest that the antidepressant-like effect may be attributed at lest partially the flavonoids or the interaction of the active(s) principle(s) present in this plant.Descritores:Baccharis ilimita. Forced swimming test. Depression. Mice.

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Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) Mediates the Antidepressant-Like Effects of Tropisetron on a Mouse Model of Maternal Separation Stress

Depression Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2021/5586119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Ali Hosseinzadeh ◽

Shakiba Nasiri Boroujeni ◽

Elham Saghaei ◽

Zahra Loriooini ◽

Saeid Habibian Dehkordi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Effective Dose ◽

Adenylyl Cyclase ◽

Maternal Separation ◽

Forced Swimming Test ◽

Forced Swimming ◽

Control Group ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Swimming Test ◽

Medicinal Properties

The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Finding new antidepressants with high medicinal properties and low side effects is warranted. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the antidepressant-like effect of tropisetron on a maternal separation (MS) model in mice, considering the possible role of AC. NMRI male mice were divided into eleven groups. The control group was treated with saline and MS groups were treated with saline, tropisetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) at doses of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg; forskolin (an activator of AC) at doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg; a subeffective dose of forskolin with a subeffective dose of tropisetron; and an effective dose of tropisetron plus an effective dose of NB001 (3 mg/kg) (an AC inhibitor). After treatment, animals were subjected to behavioral tests including the forced swimming test (FST), splash test, and open field test (OFT). We showed that MS caused depressive-like behaviors determined as an increase in the immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) and decreased grooming time in the splash test. Our results showed that administration of tropisetron, as well as forskolin, mitigated the depressive-like behaviors in MS mice. We found that coadministration of a subeffective dose of tropisetron plus a subeffective dose of forskolin potentiated the antidepressant-like effect of tropisetron. However, coadministration of an effective dose of NB001 with an effective dose of tropisetron did not significantly affect the antidepressant-like effect of tropisetron. We concluded that the antidepressant-like effects of tropisetron on MS mice are partially mediated through the adenylyl cyclase pathway.

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