Efficacy of pterostilbene suppression of postharvest gray mold in table grapes and potential mechanisms

Potassium sorbate, a program of four fungicides, or one of three chitosan formulations were applied to clusters of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape berries at berry set, pre-bunch closure, veraison, and 2 or 3 weeks before harvest. After storage at 2°C for 6 weeks, the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold was reduced by potassium sorbate, the fungicide program, or both together in a tank mixture, in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the experiment was repeated with three chitosan products (OII-YS, Chito Plant, and Armour-Zen) added. Chitosan or fungicide treatments significantly reduced the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold among grape berries. Berries harvested from vines treated by two of the chitosan treatments or the fungicide program had fewer infections after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea conidia. None harmed berry quality and all increased endochitinase activity. Chitosan decreased berry hydrogen peroxide content. One of the chitosan formulations increased quercetin, myricetin, and resveratrol content of the berry skin. In another experiment, ‘Princess Seedless’ grape treated with one of several fungicides before 4 or 6 weeks of cold storage had less decay than the control. Fenhexamid was markedly superior to the other fungicides for control of both the incidence and spread of gray mold during storage.

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Influence of fumigation with high concentrations of ozone gas on postharvest gray mold and fungicide residues on table grapes

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.09.004 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

Franka Mlikota Gabler ◽

Joseph L. Smilanick ◽

Monir F. Mansour ◽

Hakan Karaca

Keyword(s):

Gray Mold ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Fungicide Residues ◽

High Concentrations

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Control of postharvest gray mold of ‘BRS Nubia’ table grape under cold storage

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6supl2p3457 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (6supl2) ◽

pp. 3457-3465

Author(s):

Ronan Carlos Colombo ◽

◽

Deived Uilian de Carvalho ◽

Maria Aparecida da Cruz ◽

Ciro Hideki Sumida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Commercial Vineyard ◽

Solids Content

The demand for high-quality nutritional products has increased fruit consumption, as grapes, for this reason postharvest techniques are required to prevent losses, to preserve quality, to extend shelf life, and to attend to consumer needs. In this way, the objective of this study was to evaluate strategies to control gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in ‘BRS Nubia’ grapes during cold storage and shelf life periods. Grape bunches were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Marialva, Parana, Brazil. Grapes were subjected to the following treatments: cold storage at 2 ºC (control), cold storage at 2 ºC with SO2-generating pads, cold storage at 2 ºC and inoculated with B. cinerea suspension, and cold storage at 2 ºC with SO2-generating pads and inoculated with B. cinerea suspension. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with five replications per treatment using four bunches per experimental unit. A factorial arrangement (absence/presence of SO2 pads × absence/presence of Botrytis inoculation) was applied. At the end of 30 days of cold storage and 7 days of shelf life (22 ºC), gray mold incidence, shattered berries, and physicochemical parameters were evaluated. The gray mold incidence on ‘BRS Nubia’ grapes decreased when SO2-generating pads were used during cold storage. Berry weight loss was greater in the treatments without SO2-generating pads after 30 days of cold storage followed by 7 days of shelf life. Berry firmness, soluble solids content (SS), total acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, and anthocyanins concentration were not negatively affected by SO2-generating pad treatments. However, a slight increase in the shattered berries percentage was recorded for the SO2-generating pad treatments. No significant quality loss of ‘BRS Nubia’ grape was evident after 30 days of cold storage followed by 7 days of exposure at room temperature. In this context, SO2-generating pads can be used to control the gray mold incidence on ‘BRS Nubia’ table grapes during cold storage.

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Control of Gray Mold on Clamshell-Packaged ‘Benitaka’ Table Grapes Using Sulphur Dioxide Pads and Perforated Liners

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040271 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 271 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Osmar Jose Chaves Junior ◽

Khamis Youssef ◽

Renata Koyama ◽

Saeed Ahmed ◽

Allan Ricardo Dominguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Loss ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Storage Period ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

International Markets ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Dual Release

The use of vented clamshells has become popular in the packaging of grapes for local and international markets. The aim of this study is to evaluate the postharvest preservation of ‘Benitaka’ table grapes individually packaged in vented clamshells using different types of SO2-generating pads and perforated plastic liners during cold storage. A completely randomized design with four replications in a two-factor arrangement with an additional treatment [(4 × 3) + 1] was used. The trials were carried out under two situations: Artificial or natural infections with Botrytis cinerea, which is the causal agent of gray mold on table grapes. The incidence of gray mold, shattered berries, and stem browning were evaluated at 30 and 45 days of cold storage at 1 ± 1 °C and 3 days of shelf-life at 22 ± 1 °C after the period of cold storage. Mass loss and berry firmness were also examined at the end of the cold storage period. The use of dual-release SO2-generating pads containing 5 or 8 g of a.i. and slow-release pads with 7 g of a.i. was effective in controlling the incidence of gray mold in grapes packaged in vented clamshells and kept under cold storage for up to 45 days. Under these storage conditions, perforated plastic liners with 0.3% ventilation area or micro-perforated liners with 1.0% ventilation area reduced the percentage of mass loss and shattered berries.

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Postharvest ethanol and hot water treatments of table grapes to control gray mold

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2004.05.003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 169-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Ozgur Akgun Karabulut ◽

Franka Mlikota Gabler ◽

Monir Mansour ◽

Joseph L. Smilanick

Keyword(s):

Gray Mold ◽

Hot Water ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Water Treatments

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Exposure to volatiles of essential oils alone or under hypobaric treatment to control postharvest gray mold of table grapes

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.06.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 133 ◽

pp. 36-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Andrea Servili ◽

Erica Feliziani ◽

Gianfranco Romanazzi

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Table Grapes

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The Effect of Ethanol Dip and Modified Atmosphere on Prevention of Botrytis Rot of Table Grapes

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.2.0284 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 284-291 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Amnon Lichter ◽

Yohanan Zutahy ◽

Tatiana Kaplunov ◽

Nehemia Aharoni ◽

Susan Lurie

Keyword(s):

Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽

Free Water ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Prolonged Storage ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Modified Atmosphere ◽

Commercial Practice ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Table Grapes

Grape (Vitis vinifera) storage requires stringent control of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. The commercial practice is dependent on sulfur dioxide (SO2) as a fumigant, which is applied by various means with well-known advantages and disadvantages. Many alternative technologies were developed over the years, most of them with limited efficacy or applicability. Modified atmosphere of table grapes suffers from a narrow threshold between control of gray mold and damage to the berries and stems due to high level of carbon dioxide (CO2) within the film-enclosed package. We demonstrated in the past that dipping table grapes in ethanol after harvest has a very pronounced effect on prevention of decay. However, ethanol does not leave a protective residue within the grapes, so it is not expected to prevent latent infections from developing decay nests during prolonged storage. However, if grapes of cultivar Superior were treated with ethanol and then subjected to a modified atmosphere using plastic films (Xtend), we achieved an additive effect and observed persistent control of gray mold without injury to the grapes. The advantage of this plastic film was mainly in its water conductance, which prevented accumulation of free water that is often the limiting factor in modified atmosphere packaging. This combination results in greater decay control, which is a prerequisite for commercial applicability. If undesired aftertaste did develop within the fruit due to the modified atmosphere, 1 day of exposure to ambient air was sufficient to dissipate it.

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BiofumigationwithMuscodoralbus Pads for Controlling Decay in Commercial Table Grape Cartons

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1144d ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1144D-1144 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Julien Mercier ◽

Paul Walgenbach ◽

Jorge I. Jiménez

Keyword(s):

Isobutyric Acid ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Table Grape ◽

Fungal Decay ◽

Isobutyl Alcohol ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Significant Control ◽

Table Grapes ◽

And Control

The volatile-producing fungus Muscodoralbus is being developed as a biological fumigant for postharvest use, as it can kill storage pathogens and control fungal decay in various commodities. A wettable pad or sachet system made of teabag paper containing desiccated rye grain culture of M. albus was designed for the biofumigation of individual fruit containers. The fungus is reactivated before use by a brief immersion of the pad in water. This research was conducted to determine the potential of the pad system for controlling decay of table grapes in commercial cartons. Individual pads containing 24 or 86 g of grain culture (to achieve a 1:10 ratio of fumigant to box volume or a 1:100 ratio of fumigant to fruit weight, respectively) were added to Styrofoam cartons containing 8.6 kg of freshly harvested `Thompson Seedless' (TS) or `Ruby Seedless' (RS) grapes, which were then placed in cold storage at –1 to 0 °C. Control cartons exposed to SO2 were placed in a separate storage room and SO2 fumigation was performed once for TS and weekly for RS. After 8 to 9 weeks, the grapes were taken out of storage and rated for decay. In the experiment with TS, the 24-g and 86-g pads provided significant control of gray mold rot when compared to untreated cartons and were not statistically different from cartons exposed to a single SO2 fumigation. In the experiment with RS, only the 86-g pads provided significant decay control. Measurements of the three most abundant volatile compounds in empty cartons containing 10 g of the biofumigant revealed that partial coverage of holes mimicking obstruction by packed fruit achieved levels of isobutyl alcohol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and isobutyric acid of 0.7, 1.6, and 11.2 ppb, respectively.

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Sulphur Dioxide Pads Can Reduce Gray Mold While Maintaining the Quality of Clamshell-Packaged ‘BRS Nubia’ Seeded Table Grapes Grown under Protected Cultivation

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae6020020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 20

Author(s):

Khamis Youssef ◽

Osmar Jose Chaves Junior ◽

Débora Thaís Mühlbeier ◽

Sergio Ruffo Roberto

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Slow Release ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Sodium Metabisulfite ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Protected Cultivation ◽

Dual Release

The purpose of this research is to test the efficacy of different types of SO2-generating pads on the incidence of gray mold, and on the physicochemical properties of quality of ‘BRS Nubia’ seeded table grapes grown under protected cultivation. Four types of SO2-generating pads, 5 or 8 g of sodium metabisulfite dual release pads, and 4 or 7 g of sodium metabisulfite slow release pads, were used. Grapes bunches were harvested from a vineyard covered with plastic mash and stored in a cold room at 1 ± 1 °C for 45 days followed by 6 days of shelf life at 22 ± 1 °C at a high relative humidity (>95%). The results showed that SO2-generating pads with a dual release of 5 or 8 g completely inhibited the development of gray mold at all evaluation times. Also, a high reduction of the disease incidence was achieved by using a slow release of 4 g. The study confirmed that SO2-generating pads did not alter the physicochemical properties of ‘BRS Nubia’ seeded table grapes including mass loss, berry firmness, color index, total anthocyanin concentration, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and the TSS/TA ratio. Slow release pads at 4 and 7 g reduced the percentage of shattered berries by 56 and 48% as compared to control only after 6 days of shelf life. Also, all types of SO2-generating pads reduced the stem browning score at the end of cold storage. The 5 or 8 g dual release pads and 4 g slow release pads can be considered for effective controlling of gray mold for ‘BRS Nubia’ table grapes grown under protected cultivation while maintaining grape quality.

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