scholarly journals BiofumigationwithMuscodoralbus Pads for Controlling Decay in Commercial Table Grape Cartons

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144D-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Mercier ◽  
Paul Walgenbach ◽  
Jorge I. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Isobutyl Alcohol ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Significant Control ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
And Control

The volatile-producing fungus Muscodoralbus is being developed as a biological fumigant for postharvest use, as it can kill storage pathogens and control fungal decay in various commodities. A wettable pad or sachet system made of teabag paper containing desiccated rye grain culture of M. albus was designed for the biofumigation of individual fruit containers. The fungus is reactivated before use by a brief immersion of the pad in water. This research was conducted to determine the potential of the pad system for controlling decay of table grapes in commercial cartons. Individual pads containing 24 or 86 g of grain culture (to achieve a 1:10 ratio of fumigant to box volume or a 1:100 ratio of fumigant to fruit weight, respectively) were added to Styrofoam cartons containing 8.6 kg of freshly harvested `Thompson Seedless' (TS) or `Ruby Seedless' (RS) grapes, which were then placed in cold storage at –1 to 0 °C. Control cartons exposed to SO2 were placed in a separate storage room and SO2 fumigation was performed once for TS and weekly for RS. After 8 to 9 weeks, the grapes were taken out of storage and rated for decay. In the experiment with TS, the 24-g and 86-g pads provided significant control of gray mold rot when compared to untreated cartons and were not statistically different from cartons exposed to a single SO2 fumigation. In the experiment with RS, only the 86-g pads provided significant decay control. Measurements of the three most abundant volatile compounds in empty cartons containing 10 g of the biofumigant revealed that partial coverage of holes mimicking obstruction by packed fruit achieved levels of isobutyl alcohol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and isobutyric acid of 0.7, 1.6, and 11.2 ppb, respectively.

scholarly journals Influence of Temperature, Inoculation Interval, and Dosage on Biofumigation with Muscodor albus to Control Postharvest Gray Mold on Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1019-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Mlikota Gabler ◽  
R. Fassel ◽  
J. Mercier ◽  
J. L. Smilanick
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Grape Fruit ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
And Control ◽  
Muscodor Albus

Control of postharvest gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, on Thompson Seedless grape by biofumigation with a rye grain formulation of Muscodor albus, a fungus that produces volatiles lethal to many microorganisms, was evaluated. The influences of temperature, biofumigant dosage, and interval between inoculation and treatment on disease incidence and severity on detached single berries were assessed. When biofumigation began within 24 h after inoculation, higher M. albus dosages (≥50 g of the M. albus grain formulation per kilogram of grapes at 20°C or 100 g/kg at 5°C) stopped infections and control persisted after M. albus removal. Biofumigation was more effective at 20 than 5°C. Among inoculated clusters inside clamshell boxes incubated for 7 days at 15°C, gray mold incidence was reduced from 20.2% among untreated grape fruit to less than 1%, when ≥5 g of the formulation per kilogram of grapes was added. Among grape berries commercially packaged in ventilated polyethylene cluster bags incubated for 7 days at 15°C, gray mold incidence was 40.5% among untreated fruit and 11.1 or 6.7% when the formulation at 5 or 20 g/kg, respectively, had been added. In the same packaging, among grape berries incubated for 28 days at 0.5°C, gray mold incidence was 42.8% among untreated fruit and 4.8 or 4.0% when the formulation at 5 or 10 g/kg, respectively, had been added. Lower dosages (≤20 g/kg) suppressed disease development while M. albus was present; however, after their removal, B. cinerea resumed growth and gray mold incidence increased. Placement of M. albus inside grape packages significantly controlled gray mold and may be a feasible approach to manage postharvest decay of table grape.

scholarly journals Preharvest Fungicide, Potassium Sorbate, or Chitosan Use on Quality and Storage Decay of Table Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Feliziani ◽  
J. L. Smilanick ◽  
D. A. Margosan ◽  
M. F. Mansour ◽  
G. Romanazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Mold ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Seedless Grape ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Natural Incidence

Potassium sorbate, a program of four fungicides, or one of three chitosan formulations were applied to clusters of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape berries at berry set, pre-bunch closure, veraison, and 2 or 3 weeks before harvest. After storage at 2°C for 6 weeks, the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold was reduced by potassium sorbate, the fungicide program, or both together in a tank mixture, in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the experiment was repeated with three chitosan products (OII-YS, Chito Plant, and Armour-Zen) added. Chitosan or fungicide treatments significantly reduced the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold among grape berries. Berries harvested from vines treated by two of the chitosan treatments or the fungicide program had fewer infections after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea conidia. None harmed berry quality and all increased endochitinase activity. Chitosan decreased berry hydrogen peroxide content. One of the chitosan formulations increased quercetin, myricetin, and resveratrol content of the berry skin. In another experiment, ‘Princess Seedless’ grape treated with one of several fungicides before 4 or 6 weeks of cold storage had less decay than the control. Fenhexamid was markedly superior to the other fungicides for control of both the incidence and spread of gray mold during storage.

scholarly journals Effect of Chitosan Dissolved in Different Acids on Its Ability to Control Postharvest Gray Mold of Table Grape

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1028-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Franka Mlikota Gabler ◽  
Dennis Margosan ◽  
Bruce E. Mackey ◽  
Joseph L. Smilanick
Keyword(s):  
Acid Solution ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Chitosan Coating ◽  
Ambient Storage ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Chitosan Lactate

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that must be dissolved in an acid solution to activate its antimicrobial and eliciting properties. Among 15 acids tested, chitosan dissolved in 1% solutions of acetic, L-ascorbic, formic, L-glutamic, hydrochloric, lactic, maleic, malic, phosphorous, and succinic acid. To control gray mold, table grape berries were immersed for 10 s in these chitosan solutions that had been adjusted to pH 5.6. The reduction in decay among single berries of several cultivars (Thompson Seedless, Autumn Seedless, and grape selection B36-55) inoculated with Botrytis cinerea at 1 × 105 conidia/ml before or after immersion in chitosan acetate or formate, followed by storage at 15°C for 10 days, was ≈70%. The acids alone at pH 5.6 did not control gray mold. Decay among clusters of two cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Crimson Seedless) inoculated before treatment was reduced ≈60% after immersion in chitosan lactate or chitosan acetate followed by storage for 60 days at 0.5°C. The viscosity of solutions was 1.9 centipoises (cp) (ascorbate) to 306.4 cp (maleicate) and the thickness of chitosan coating on berries was 4.4 μm (acetate) to 15.4 μm (ascorbate), neither of which was correlated with solution effectiveness. Chitosan acetate was the most effective treatment which effectively reduced gray mold at cold and ambient storage temperatures, decreased CO2 and O2 exchange, and did not injure the grape berries.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF HYDROGENCY ANAMIDE ON BUDBREAK OF TABLE GRAPE CULTIVARS IN SOUTHWEST ARIZONA

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 742b-742
Author(s):  
Marvin D. Butler ◽  
Robert E. Rush
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Commercial Vineyard ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Early maturity is of major importance to table grape producers in Arizona and the California desert. However, table grapes in this region often experience a delayed and erratic budbreak thought to be due to a lack of chilling. The influence of three rates of hydrogen cyanamide on budbreak timing and uniformity was evaluated at a commercial vineyard near Dateland, Ariz., during the 1984-85 season. Treatments were made to three table grape cultivars over three application dates. Additional research to evaluate possible interaction between time of pruning and application of hydrogen cyanamide was conducted during 1985-86. Of the three application rates evaluated, the 5% solution provided optimal results, inducing a greater total number of buds to break for perlette and flame seedless cultivars than nontreated plots. Early application resulted in a significantly earlier but extended budbreak; later applications were more dramatic and uniform. Budbreak was accelerated by 1 to 2 weeks for perlette, and up to 2 to 3 weeks for flame seedless and Thompson seedless cultivars. Hydrogen cyanamide applications also had a positive influence on earliness of blossom and percent soluble solutes at harvest. Pruning up to 11 days before or 14 days after application of hydrogen cyanamide generally did not have a significant effect on budbreak or maturity at harvest.

scholarly journals 808 PB 144 EFFECTIVNESS OF AEROSOL SPRAYS FOR CONTROLLING ROT IN TABLE GRAPES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 549a-549
Author(s):  
M. Ahmed Ahmedullah
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Storage Size ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
And Control

Fruit of Vitis vinifera cvs. Flame Seedless, Thompson Seedless and Black Monukka were fumigated with 4, 6 and 8 Deccodione Smoke Tables (DST) for 30 minutes. Fruit was stored at 32 F and high relative humidity. Decay control index, freshness of stems and bleaching around the capstem were recorded at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of storage. Size of the aerosol particles was determined using an electrical aerosol analyzer. Fruit was analysed for Deccodione residues. Lower rates of the fungicide gave unsatisfactory decay control. Eight DSTs successfully controlled decay upto a period of 14 weeks. There was no bleaching of pigments commonly associated with sulfur dioxide fumigation. Majority of the aerosol particles were between 0.18 and 0.32 micrometers. Deccodione residues on the fruit were within the acceptable limits established for Deccodione. There was no perceptible difference in taste between treated and control fruit. This method of decay control could provide a viable alternative to sulfur dioxide fumigation.

scholarly journals Gibberellic Acid Application Timing Influences the Bud Viability and Fruitfulness of Seedless Table Grape Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 598c-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.K. Dokoozlian
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Grape Cultivars ◽  
Berry Set

A study initiated in Spring 1995 examined the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) application timing on the return fruitfulness of Thompson Seedless and Flame Seedless table grapes. Vines treated with GA3 at prebloom, bloom, or berry set were compared to vines treated at prebloom + bloom + berry set and nontreated vines. Application amounts for each cultivar and timing were based on commercial label recommendations. Nodes from each treatment were collected in mid-winter and dissected, and their viability and fruitfulness were recorded. Bud viability (shoots per bud) and fruitfulness (clusters per shoot) also were evaluated at budbreak in 1996. The results indicate that GA3 applications at prebloom and bloom are most detrimental to bud viability and cluster initiation in these cultivars.

scholarly journals Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Chitosan Treatment on Quality and Sensorial Parameters of Minimally Processed cv. ‘Italia’ Table Grapes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Giorgia Liguori ◽  
Giuseppe Sortino ◽  
Gregorio Gullo ◽  
Paolo Inglese
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Minimally Processed ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Climacteric Fruit ◽  
Negative Effect

Table grape is a non-climacteric fruit, very sensitive to water loss and gray mold during postharvest handling and storage. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of modified atmosphere packaging and chitosan treatment on quality and sensorial parameters of minimally processed cv. ‘Italia’ table grape during cold storage (14 days at 5 °C) and shelf-life (7 and 14 days of cold storage plus 5 days at 20 °C), reproducing a retail sales condition. Our data showed a significant effect of high CO2-modified atmosphere in combination with chitosan and alone on preserving quality, sensorial parameters, and delaying decay of minimally processed table grape. The most effective treatment in terms of preservation of quality, sensory, and nutritional quality was high-CO2 modified atmosphere packaging plus chitosan treatment. The overall results showed that when a proper modified atmosphere packaging is combined with a postharvest chitosan treatment, gray mold growth can effectively be controlled in ready-to-eat cv. ‘Italia’ table grape and that modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with high levels of CO2 and reduced concentration of O2 in combination with chitosan treatment could prevent the negative effect of high-CO2 in-packages level, like berry browning and rachis browning and dehydration.

scholarly journals Identification of epiphytic yeasts and bacteria with potential for biocontrol of grey mold disease on table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Kasfi ◽  
Parissa Taheri ◽  
Behrooz Jafarpour ◽  
Saeed Tarighi
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes

The objective of this study was to identify grapevine epiphytic yeasts and bacteria for biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Antagonistic yeasts and bacteria were isolated from the epiphytic flora associated with grape berries and leaves cv. ‘Thompson seedless’ from vineyards in Iran and identified by sequencing the conserved genomic regions. A total of 130 yeast and bacterial isolates from the surface of grapevine were screened in vitro for determining their antagonistic effect against B. cinerea and used to control postharvest gray mold. Among the 130 isolates, five yeasts and four bacterial isolates showed the greatest antagonistic activity in vitro against B. cinerea. Two yeasts species including Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida membranifaciens had high antagonistic capability against the pathogen. Also, 4 bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus sp. and Ralstonia sp. showed significant biocontrol effect against B. cinerea. The isolates were capable of producing volatile and non-volatile substances, which suppressed the pathogen growth. The antagonistic activity of selected yeasts and bacteria against the pathogen was investigated on wounded berries of ‘Thompson seedless’. On small clusters with intact berries, all of the antagonistic isolates considerably reduced the decay on grape berries and inhibition of gray mold incidence on fruits treated by these isolates was less than 50%, except for the isolate N1, which had higher capability in inhibiting the disease incidence. These results suggest that antagonist yeasts and bacteria with potential to control B. cinerea on grape can be found in the microflora of grape berries and leaves.

scholarly journals Preharvest Chitosan and Postharvest UV Irradiation Treatments Suppress Gray Mold of Table Grapes

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Romanazzi ◽  
F. Mlikota Gabler ◽  
J. L. Smilanick
Keyword(s):  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Berry Skin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Ultraviolet C ◽  
Berry Skins ◽  
Uv C

The effectiveness of chitosan treatment of table grapes, alone or in combination with ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation, to control postharvest gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, was determined in California, United States. The influence of these treatments on catechin and resveratrol contents and chitinase activity in grape berry skins also was assessed. Clusters of cvs. Thompson Seedless, Autumn Black, and Emperor were sprayed in the vineyard with 1% chitosan, then harvested daily for 5 days. Promptly after harvest, they were inoculated with B. cinerea. Decay incidence and disease severity were significantly reduced by chitosan, which was most effective on berries harvested 1 or 2 days after treatment. In another experiment, grape berries were sprayed in the vineyard with chitosan, harvested 2 days later, irradiated for 5 min with UV-C (0.36 J/cm2), and inoculated with B. cinerea 2 days later. Combined chitosan and UV-C treatments applied to cv. Autumn Black or selection B36-55 were synergistic in reducing gray mold incidence and severity compared with either treatment alone. Preharvest chitosan treatment increased neither concentration of catechin or resveratrol nor activity of chitinase in berry skin. Conversely, UV-C irradiation, alone or combined with chitosan treatment, induced catechin in cv. Autumn Black berries and trans-resveratrol in both cv. Autumn Black and selection B36-55.

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