The impact of power network congestion, its consequences and mitigation measures on air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions. A case from Germany

In order to reduce dietary nitrogen and achieve an efficient protein deposition as well as decrease N wastage, we challenged the nutrient utilization efficiency of two different producing types in front of a dietary crude protein (CP) restriction and studied the role of the microbiota in such an adaptation process. Therefore, 32 pure castrated male Duroc (DU) and 32 entire male hybrid (F2) piglets were raised in a three-phase feeding regime. At each phase, two iso caloric diets differing in CP content, also known as normal protein (NP) and low protein (LP), were fed to the animals. LP diets had a fixed restriction (2%) in CP content in regards to NP ones throughout the phases of the experiment. At the end of third phase, fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis purposes and greenhouse gases emissions, together with ammonia, were tested. No changes were found in average daily feed intake (ADFI) of animals of two producing types (Duroc vs. F2) or those consumed different experimental diets (NP vs. LP) throughout the course of study. However, at the end of each experimental phase the average body weight (BW) of hybrid animals were higher compared to Duroc pigs, whereas a reverse trend was observed for average daily gain (ADG), where Duroc pigs showed greater values with respect to hybrid ones. Despite, greater CH4 and ammonia emissions in Duroc pigs with respect to F2, no significant differences were found in contaminant gases emissions between diets. Moreover, LP diets did not alter the microbial community structure, in terms of diversity, although some genera were affected by the dietary challenge. Results suggest that the impact of reducing 2% of CP content was limited for reduction in contaminant gases emissions and highlight the hypothesis that moderate change in the dietary protein levels can be overcome by long-term adaptation of the gut microbiota. Overall, the influence of the producing type on performance and digestive microbiota composition was more pronounced than the dietary effect. However, both producing types responded differently to CP restriction. The use of fecal microbiota as biomarker for predicting feed efficiency has a great potential that should be completed with robust predictive models to achieve consistent and valid results.

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Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-13-10049-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 10049-10123 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

J. Kurokawa ◽

T. Ohara ◽

T. Morikawa ◽

S. Hanayama ◽

J.-M. Greet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Power Plants ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Emission Data ◽

Large Power ◽

China And India

Abstract. We have updated the Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) as version 2.1. REAS 2.1 includes most major air pollutants and greenhouse gases from each year during 2000 and 2008 and following areas of Asia: East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia and the Asian part of Russia. Emissions are estimated for each country and region using updated activity data and parameters. Monthly gridded data with a 0.25 × 0.25° resolution are also provided. Asian emissions for each species in 2008 are as follows (with their growth rate from 2000 to 2008): 56.9 Tg (+34%) for SO2, 53.9 Tg (+54%) for NOx, 359.5 Tg (+34%) for CO, 68.5 Tg (+46%) for non-methane volatile organic compounds, 32.8 Tg (+17%) for NH3, 36.4 Tg (+45%) for PM10, 24.7 Tg (+42%) for PM2.5, 3.03 Tg (+35%) for black carbon, 7.72 Tg (+21%) for organic carbon, 182.2 Tg (+32%) for CH4, 5.80 Tg (+18%) for N2O, and 16.7 Pg (+59%) for CO2. By country, China and India were respectively the largest and second largest contributors to Asian emissions. Both countries also had higher growth rates in emissions than others because of their continuous increases in energy consumption, industrial activities, and infrastructure development. In China, emission mitigation measures have been implemented gradually. Emissions of SO2 in China increased from 2000 to 2006 and then began to decrease as flue-gas desulfurization was installed to large power plants. On the other hand, emissions of air pollutants in total East Asia except for China decreased from 2000 to 2008 owing to lower economic growth rates and more effective emission regulations in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Emissions from other regions generally increased from 2000 to 2008, although their relative shares of total Asian emissions are smaller than those of China and India. Tables of annual emissions by country and region broken down by sub-sector and fuel type, and monthly gridded emission data with a resolution of 0.25 × 0.25° for the major sectors are available from the following url: http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/ .

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Impact of Trade Openness and Sector Trade on Embodied Greenhouse Gases Emissions and Air Pollutants

Journal of Industrial Ecology ◽

10.1111/jiec.12455 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 494-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Moinul Islam ◽

Keiichiro Kanemoto ◽

Shunsuke Managi

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Trade Openness ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND FINANCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL GAS COGENERATION PLANTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Revista de Engenharia Térmica ◽

10.5380/reterm.v12i1.62011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 03

Author(s):

R. E. Silva ◽

P. Magalhães Sobrinho

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Power Plants ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Industrial Facilities ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽

The Impact

This paper presents a case study on the impact of the use of natural gas cogeneration plants in industrial facilities from food companies established in the State of São Paulo, aiming at the financial and greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) analysis. It is proposed a comparison between two different energy supply models for two manufacturing plants, the first one based on electricity supply from local grid and steam from natural gas fired steam generators, and a second model that considers the industries energy needs being partially supplied through natural gas cogeneration plants which are installed in each one of the companies. This study indicates the differences of the financial results for supplying electricity and steam in both models proposed, describing the main variations and the reasons for those, besides identifying the main current tariff benefits in the legislation for the different classes of power plants and Energy Market. The summarized greenhouse gases inventory is presented for both industries as well, and a later assessment of environmental impact from the studied cogeneration plants in the overall GHG emissions in the two proposed scenarios is done. Finally, it is presented the relation analysis between electricity and steam supplying costs if compared with the greenhouse gases emissions levels for both proposed scenarios, and how public policies can act in order to guide emissions decreasing, since São Paulo State has promulgated a law in which establishes a major GHG emissions reduction to 2020.

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Low Carbon Economy Policy in Poland: an Example of the Impact of Europeanisation

Equilibrium ◽

10.12775/equil2011.001 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 9-39

Author(s):

Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Low Carbon ◽

The European Union ◽

Low Carbon Economy ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽

The Subject ◽

Polish Economy ◽

Polish Government ◽

The Impact ◽

Carbon Economy

Poland has made a commitment to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol and by participating in the climate policy of the European Union (EU). EUClimate and Energy Package (CEP), which was negotiated in 2008 and has been successively introduced into the EUlegal system. The CEP introduces much stricter requirements for the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and imposes higher costs on the adjustment of Polish energy sector and other sectors of Polish economy to the requirements of the EUlaw. The influence of the EUon the Member States during the course of European integration is described in the literature of the subject as europeanisation. In this study Iwill analyse the influence on the policy of the Polish government with respect to stimulating the development of low carbon economy (including industry).

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Greenhouse gases reduction through waste management in Croatia

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci1003681a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 681-691 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aleksandra Anic-Vucinic ◽

Andrea Hublin ◽

Nikola Ruzinski

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Waste Management ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Landfill Gas ◽

Management Plan ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽

Indirect Measures ◽

The Republic

The climate change policy is one of the key factors in the achievement of sustainable development in the Republic of Croatia. Control and mitigation of greenhouse gases is correlated with all economy activities. Waste management is one of the main tasks of environmental protection in Croatia. The Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Croatia and the Waste Management Plan in the Republic of Croatia define the concept of waste management hierarchy and direct and indirect measures as criteria for sustainable waste management establishment. The main constituent of this system is avoiding and minimizing waste, as well as increasing the recycling and recovery level of waste and landfill gas, which also represent greenhouse gases mitigation measures. The Waste Management Plan consists of several direct and indirect measures for greenhouse gases emission reduction and their implementation also affects the greenhouse gases emissions. The contribution of the methane emission from landfills amounts to about 2% of the total greenhouse gases emissions in Croatia. The climate change control and mitigation measures as an integral part of waste management sector strategies represent the measures of achieving the national objectives towards greenhouse gases emission reduction which Croatia has accepted in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol.

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Potential European Emissions Trajectories within the Global Carbon Budget

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114225 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4225 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ilaria Perissi ◽

Sara Falsini ◽

Ugo Bardi ◽

Davide Natalini ◽

Michael Green ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Budget ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

The European Union ◽

Global Carbon Budget ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽

Reduce Emissions ◽

The Impact ◽

Global Carbon ◽

The Eu

The Paris Agreement, ratified in 2015, pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions within a Global Carbon Budget that limits the global temperature increase to less than 2 °C. With the Roadmap 2050 mitigation measures, the European Union has a target to reduce emissions by 80% of their 1990 value by 2050 but without giving an estimation or a maximum ceiling for the total amount of cumulative greenhouse gases emissions over that period. Thus, the impact of the EU regulations on global warming remains unestimated. The aim and the novelty of this study are to develop a set of potential European emissions trajectories, within the Global Carbon Budget and at the same time satisfying the Roadmap 2050 goals. The result of the study highlights the urgency to reinforce mitigation measures for Europe as soon as possible because any delay in policy implementation risks the Roadmap 2050 mitigation package being insufficient to achieve the objectives of the Paris treaty.

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Air quality observations onboard commercial and targeted Zeppelin flights in Germany – a platform for high-resolution trace-gas and aerosol measurements within the planetary boundary layer

10.5194/amt-2021-360 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ralf Tillmannn ◽

Georgios I. Gkatzelis ◽

Franz Rohrer ◽

Benjamin Winter ◽

Christian Wesolek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

Power Plant ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Planetary Boundary Layer ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Vertical Profiles ◽

Diurnal Variability ◽

The Impact ◽

German Cities

Abstract. A Zeppelin airship was used as a platform for in-situ measurements of greenhouse gases and short-lived air pollutants within the planetary boundary layer in Germany. A novel quantum cascade laser-based multi-compound gas analyzer (MIRO Analytical AG) was deployed to simultaneously measure in-situ concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, H2O, and CH4) and air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, O3, SO2, and NH3) with high precision at a measurement rate of 1 Hz. These measurements were complemented by electrochemical sensors for NO, NO2, Ox (NO2+O3), and CO, an optical particle counter, temperature, humidity, altitude, and position monitoring. Instruments were operated remotely without the need for on-site interactions. Three two-week campaigns were conducted in 2020 comprising commercial passenger as well as targeted flights over multiple German cities including Cologne, Mönchengladbach, Düsseldorf, Aachen, Frankfurt, but also over industrial areas and highways. Vertical profiles of trace gases were obtained during the airship landing and take-off. Diurnal variability of the Zeppelin vertical profiles was compared to measurements from ground-based monitoring stations with a focus on nitrogen oxides and ozone. We find that their variability can be explained by the increasing nocturnal boundary layer height from early morning towards midday, an increase in emissions during rush hour traffic, and the rapid photochemical activity midday. Higher altitude (250–450 m) NOX to CO ratios are further compared to the 2015 EDGAR emission inventory to find that pollutant concentrations are influenced by transportation and residential emissions as well as manufacturing industries and construction activity. Finally, we report NOx and CO concentrations from one plume transect originating from a coal power plant and compare it to the EURAD-IM model to find agreement within 15 %. However, due to the increased contribution of solar and wind energy and/or the impact of lockdown measures the power plant was operated at max. 50 % capacity; therefore, possible overestimation of emissions by the model cannot be excluded.

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Spatiotemporal Change of Air-Quality Patterns in Hubei Province—A Pre- to Post-COVID-19 Analysis Using Path Analysis and Regression

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12101338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1338

Author(s):

Muhammad Aamir ◽

Zeyun Li ◽

Sibghatullah Bazai ◽

Raja Asif Wagan ◽

Uzair Aslam Bhatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Path Analysis ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Mitigation measures and control strategies relating to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been widely applied in many countries to reduce the transmission of this pandemic disease. China was the first country to implement a strong lockdown policy to control COVID-19 when countries worldwide were struggling to manage COVID-19 cases. However, lockdown causes numerous changes to air-quality patterns due to the low amount of traffic and the decreased human mobility it results in. To study the impact of the strict control measures of the new COVID-19 epidemic on the air quality of Hubei in early 2020, the air-quality monitoring data of Hubei’s four cities, namely Huangshi, Yichang, Jingzhou, and Wuhan, from 2019 to 2021, specifically 1 January to 30 August, was examined to analyze the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distribution. All air-quality pollutants decreased during the active-COVID-19 period, with a maximum decrease of 26% observed in PM10, followed by 23% of PM2.5, and a minimum decrease of 5% observed in O3. Changes in air pollutants from 2017 to 2021 were also compared, and a decrease in all pollutants through to 2020 was found. The air-quality index (AQI) recorded an increase of 2% post-COVID-19, which shows that air quality will worsen in future, but it decreased by 22% during the active-COVID-19 period. A path analysis model was developed to further understand the relationship between the AQI and air-quality patterns. This path analysis shows a strong correlation between the AQI and PM10 and PM2.5, however its correlation with other air pollutants is weak. Regression analysis shows a similar pattern of there being a strong relationship between AQI and PM10 (r2 = 0.97) and PM2.5 (r2 = 0.93). Although the COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative effects on human health and the global economy, it is likely that the reduction in air pollution and the significant improvement in ambient air quality due to lockdowns provided substantial short-term health benefits. The government must implement policies to control the environmental issues which are causing poor air quality in post-COVID-19.

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