Neuroprotective effects of Pulicaria undulata essential oil in rotenone model of parkinson's disease in rats: Insights into its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects

Abstract BackgroundGhrelin has been identified as a multifunctional peptide that has many potential applications for the treatment of various diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, little is known about the pathophysiological function and mechanism of ghrelin in PD. MethodELISA was used for detecting plasma total and active ghrelin levels, dopamine (DA) content was measured by HPLC-ECD, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect protein expressions, and cytokine was tested by Bio-PlexPro™ assay.ResultsHere, we reported a PD model that overexpressing mutant human A53T α-syn mice exhibited a decreased levels of total and active ghrelin in plasma, fewer tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), lower DA content in the striatum (Str), and less weight. These changes were rescued by the subcutaneous administration of low-dose ghrelin. Interestingly, ghrelin had no effect on weight gain in wild-type mice but improved weight loss in A53T mice. In addition, ghrelin administration also attenuated the decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) protein levels and inhibited the upregulation pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor a (TNFa) and the downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, ghrelin inhibited the increase in Iba1-positive cells in mice with PD.ConclusionsHere we reported that ghrelin had a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons and against weight loss from PD via anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, which suggested that ghrelin could be an endogenous protective factor that prevents the onset or the progression of PD.

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Pentoxifylline Neuroprotective Effects Are Possibly Related to Its Anti-Inflammatory and TNF-Alpha Inhibitory Properties, in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson s Disease ◽

10.1155/2015/108179 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kelly Rose Tavares Neves ◽

Hélio Vitoriano Nobre ◽

Luzia Kalyne A. M. Leal ◽

Geanne Matos de Andrade ◽

Gerly Anne de Castro Brito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽

Tnf Alpha ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Neuronal Viability ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-TNF-alpha activity, associated with its anti-inflammatory action. Considering Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a neuroinflammatory disorder, the objectives were to evaluate PTX neuroprotective properties, in a model of PD. Male Wistar rats, divided into sham-operated (SO), untreated 6-OHDA, and 6-OHDA treated with PTX (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) groups, received a unilateral 6-OHDA injection, except the SO group administered with saline. Treatments started 24 h after surgery and continued for 15 days when the animals were submitted to apomorphine-induced rotations, open field, and forced swimming tests. At the next day, they were euthanized and their striata processed for neurochemical (DA and DOPAC determinations), histological, and immunohistochemical (Fluoro-Jade, TH, DAT, OX-42, TNF-alpha, COX-2, and iNOS) studies. PTX reversed the behavioral changes observed in the untreated 6-OHDA animals. Furthermore, PTX partially reversed the decrease in DA contents and improved neuronal viability. In addition, decreases in immunostaining for TH and dopamine transporter (DAT) were reversed. The untreated 6-OHDA group showed intense OX-42, TNF-alpha, COX-2, and iNOS immunoreactivities, which were attenuated by PTX. In conclusion, we demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of PTX, possibly related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, indicating its potential as an adjunct treatment for PD.

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The Neuroprotective Effects of Cannabis-Derived Phytocannabinoids and Resveratrol in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Literature Review of Pre-Clinical Studies

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11121573 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1573

Author(s):

Samay Prakash ◽

Wayne G. Carter

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Neuroprotective Agents ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Nigral Degeneration

Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments able to reverse nigral degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD), hence the unmet need for the provision of neuroprotective agents. Cannabis-derived phytocannabinoids (CDCs) and resveratrol (RSV) may be useful neuroprotective agents for PD due to their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. To evaluate this, we undertook a systematic review of the scientific literature to assess the neuroprotective effects of CDCs and RSV treatments in pre-clinical in vivo animal models of PD. The literature databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science core collection were systematically searched to cover relevant studies. A total of 1034 publications were analyzed, of which 18 met the eligibility criteria for this review. Collectively, the majority of PD rodent studies demonstrated that treatment with CDCs or RSV produced a significant improvement in motor function and mitigated the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Biochemical analysis of rodent brain tissue suggested that neuroprotection was mediated by anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. This review highlights the neuroprotective potential of CDCs and RSV for in vivo models of PD and therefore suggests their potential translation to human clinical trials to either ameliorate PD progression and/or be implemented as a prophylactic means to reduce the risk of development of PD.

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Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PDE-10 inhibitor in neuroinflammation and Parkinson's disease animal models

IBRO Reports ◽

10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.1115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. S350

Author(s):

Jung-Eun Park ◽

Do-Yeon Kim ◽

Hee-Sun Kim

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Animal Models ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activity of Hidrox® in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson’s Disease in Mice

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9090824 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 824 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rosalba Siracusa ◽

Maria Scuto ◽

Roberta Fusco ◽

Angela Trovato ◽

Maria Laura Ontario ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Human Life ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Progressive Increase ◽

Behavioral Alterations ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Main Component

Background: In developed countries, the extension of human life is increasingly accompanied by a progressive increase in neurodegenerative diseases, most of which do not yet have effective therapy but only symptomatic treatments. In recent years, plant polyphenols have aroused considerable interest in the scientific community. The mechanisms currently hypothesized for the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), the main component of Hidrox® (HD), has been shown to have some of the highest free radical evacuation and anti-inflammatory activities. Here we wanted to study the role of HD on the neurobiological and behavioral alterations induced by rotenone. Methods: A study was conducted in which mice received HD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) concomitantly with rotenone (5 mg/kg, o.s.) for 28 days. Results: Locomotor activity, catalepsy, histological damage and several characteristic markers of the PD, such as the dopamine transporter (DAT) content, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and accumulation of α-synuclein, have been evaluated. Moreover, we observed the effects of HD on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis and inflammasomes. Taken together, the results obtained highlight HD’s ability to reduce the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the damage associated with it by counteracting the three main mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. Conclusion: HD is subject to fewer regulations than traditional drugs to improve patients’ brain health and could represent a promising nutraceutical choice to prevent PD.

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Neuroprotective Properties of the Standardized Extract fromCamellia sinensis(Green Tea) and Its Main Bioactive Components, Epicatechin and Epigallocatechin Gallate, in the 6-OHDA Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/161092 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Natália Bitu Pinto ◽

Bruno da Silva Alexandre ◽

Kelly Rose Tavares Neves ◽

Aline Holanda Silva ◽

Luzia Kalyne A. M. Leal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Green Tea ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Great Part ◽

Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Neuroprotective Actions

Camellia sinensis(green tea) is largely consumed, mainly in Asia. It possesses several biological effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The objectives were to investigate the neuroprotective actions of the standardized extract (CS), epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on a model of Parkinson’s disease. Male Wistar rats were divided into SO (sham-operated controls), untreated 6-OHDA-lesioned and 6-OHDA-lesioned treated for 2 weeks with CS (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg), EC (10 mg/kg), or EGCG (10 mg/kg) groups. One hour after the last administration, animals were submitted to behavioral tests and euthanized and their striata and hippocampi were dissected for neurochemical (DA, DOPAC, and HVA) and antioxidant activity determinations, as well as immunohistochemistry evaluations (TH, COX-2, and iNOS). The results showed that CS and catechins reverted behavioral changes, indicating neuroprotection manifested as decreased rotational behavior, increased locomotor activity, antidepressive effects, and improvement of cognitive dysfunction, as compared to the untreated 6-OHDA-lesioned group. Besides, CS, EP, and EGCG reversed the striatal oxidative stress and immunohistochemistry alterations. These results show that the neuroprotective effects of CS and its catechins are probably and in great part due to its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, pointing out their potential for the prevention and treatment of PD.

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation with Mild Stimulation Intensity Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson’s Disease Model Rats

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9070789 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 789

Author(s):

Ittetsu Kin ◽

Tatsuya Sasaki ◽

Takao Yasuhara ◽

Masahiro Kameda ◽

Takashi Agari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Vagus Nerve ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽

Dopamine Neurons ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Stimulation Intensity ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: The major surgical treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is deep brain stimulation (DBS), but a less invasive treatment is desired. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a relatively safe treatment without cerebral invasiveness. In this study, we developed a wireless controllable electrical stimulator to examine the efficacy of VNS on PD model rats. Methods: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of a cuff-type electrode and stimulator on the vagus nerve. Following which, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was administered into the left striatum to prepare a PD model. VNS was started immediately after 6-OHDA administration and continued for 14 days. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of VNS with behavioral and immunohistochemical outcome assays under different stimulation intensity (0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mA). Results: VNS with 0.25–0.5 mA intensity remarkably improved behavioral impairment, preserved dopamine neurons, reduced inflammatory glial cells, and increased noradrenergic neurons. On the other hand, VNS with 0.1 mA and 1 mA intensity did not display significant therapeutic efficacy. Conclusions: VNS with 0.25–0.5 mA intensity has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects on PD model rats induced by 6-OHDA administration. In addition, we were able to confirm the practicality and effectiveness of the new experimental device.

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