scholarly journals Temporal variation of exposure from radio-frequency electromagnetic fields around mobile communication base stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. e00724
Author(s):  
Abel B. Olorunsola ◽  
Omolayo M. Ikumapayi ◽  
Bankole I. Oladapo ◽  
Adeleke O. Alimi ◽  
Adeyinka O.M. Adeoye
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Base Stations

Political Context Elements in Public Policy of Radio Frequency Information Technology and Electromagnetic Fields

2019 ◽  
pp. 346-364
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Steinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Frequency Information ◽  
Base Site ◽  
Political Narratives

There are widespread uses of radio frequency information technology (RADFIT) including applications related to communications, security, big data, military, transportation, space exploration, oceanography, agriculture, medical sciences, and more. Regulation of RADFIT is challenging and controversial as agencies and stakeholders struggle to balance benefits and costs. This powerful and invisible technology has the capacity to achieve breakthrough solutions by utilizing electromagnetic fields to collect, analyze, and transmit data, or to enact stimuli to create interventions for machines or living matter. However, the prevalence of RF base stations and electromagnetic fields has altered the environment and results in unintended absorption by human subjects. The public policy and politics of RADFIT, including the processes for base site installation and acceptable levels of absorption, have come to the forefront of discourse. This chapter discusses the political narratives that dictate public policy stances on the issue, bureaucratic considerations, and the response by communities.

Design of Radio Frequency Link in Automatic Test System for Multimode Mobile Communication Base Station

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 1540032
Author(s):  
Weipeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Test System ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Automatic Test ◽  
Automatic Test System ◽  
Link Functions ◽  
Noise Filter ◽  
General Module

A modularized design for the radio frequency (RF) link in automatic test system of multimode mobile communication base station is presented, considering also the characteristics of wireless communication indices and composition of signals of base stations. The test link is divided into general module, time division duplex (TDD) module, module of spurious noise filter, module of downlink intermodulation, module of uplink intermodulation and uplink block module. The composition of modules and link functions are defined, and the interfaces of the general module and the module of spurious noise filter are described. Finally, the estimated gain budget of the test link is presented. It is verified by experiments that the system is reliable and the test efficiency is improved.

RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF THE INTENSITY PARAMETERS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS PRODUCED BY MOBILE COMMUNICATION ANTENNAS / MOBILIOJO RYŠIO ANTENŲ ELEKTROMAGNETINIŲ LAUKŲ INTENSYVUMO PARAMETRŲ TYRIMAI IR VERTINIMAS

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranas Baltrėnas ◽  
Raimondas Buckus ◽  
Saulius Vasarevičius
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Intensity Parameters ◽  
Magnetic Strength ◽  
Cellular Mobile

As the network of cellular mobile phones has recently expanded and in particular after the digital GSM 900/1800/2100 systems have been introduced, the potential effect on human health of electromagnetic radiation from the base stations of these systems has become of great concern to European countries. There have been requests made in some countries for areas free from mobile phones in which installation of base stations would not be permitted and for considerable reduction of the maximum authorised exposure or other restrictions. The European Commission's Recommendation adopted on 12 July 1999 requires that the maximum field strength for electromagnetic radiation (0–300 GHz) is established and that information about population's exposure to EMF and the measures taken to reduce it is provided. The article presents and analyses EMFs produced by mobile communication antennas in a residential area. Measurements of the electric strength, magnetic strength and EMF power density were performed and compared to the established hygiene norms. Tests were conducted in the near- and far-field of the antenna, on residential premises located directly in front of the antenna within its main radiation lobe. In addition, there were performed measurements of electromagnetic fields produced by mobile communication in rural areas. Santrauka Pastaruoju metu paplitus koriniam mobiliųjų telefonų tinklui ir ypač – įvedus skaitmenines GSM900/1800/2100 sistemas, daugelyje Europos šalių pradėta rūpintis dėl galimo šių sistemų bazinių stočių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės poveikio žmogaus sveikatai. Kai kuriose šalyse imta reikalauti zonų be mobiliųjų telefonų, kuriose būtų draudžiama įrengti bazines stotis, gerokai sumažinti didžiausiąją leidžiamąją apšvitą ar įvesti kitus ribojimus. 1999 m. liepos 12 d. priimta Europos Tarybos rekomendacija nurodo nustatyti maksimalių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės (0–300 GHz) laukų stiprį, reikalauja teikti informaciją apie gyventojų apšvitą dėl elektromagnetinių laukų bei taikomas priemones jai sumažinti. Pateikiami ir nagrinėjami gyvenamojoje zonoje mobiliojo ryšio antenų sukuriamų elektromagnetinių laukų duomenys. Atlikti elektrinio stiprio, magnetinio stiprio ir elektromagnetinio lauko energijos srauto tankio matavimai. Duomenys lyginami su nustatytomis higienos normomis. Tyrimai atlikti artimojoje ir tolimojoje antenos zonoje, gyvenamosiose patalpose, esančiose prieš anteną. Mobiliojo ryšio elektromagnetinių laukų matavimai atlikti ir kaimo vietovėse.

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