RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF THE INTENSITY PARAMETERS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS PRODUCED BY MOBILE COMMUNICATION ANTENNAS / MOBILIOJO RYŠIO ANTENŲ ELEKTROMAGNETINIŲ LAUKŲ INTENSYVUMO PARAMETRŲ TYRIMAI IR VERTINIMAS

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pranas Baltrėnas ◽  
Raimondas Buckus ◽  
Saulius Vasarevičius
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Intensity Parameters ◽  
Magnetic Strength ◽  
Cellular Mobile

As the network of cellular mobile phones has recently expanded and in particular after the digital GSM 900/1800/2100 systems have been introduced, the potential effect on human health of electromagnetic radiation from the base stations of these systems has become of great concern to European countries. There have been requests made in some countries for areas free from mobile phones in which installation of base stations would not be permitted and for considerable reduction of the maximum authorised exposure or other restrictions. The European Commission's Recommendation adopted on 12 July 1999 requires that the maximum field strength for electromagnetic radiation (0–300 GHz) is established and that information about population's exposure to EMF and the measures taken to reduce it is provided. The article presents and analyses EMFs produced by mobile communication antennas in a residential area. Measurements of the electric strength, magnetic strength and EMF power density were performed and compared to the established hygiene norms. Tests were conducted in the near- and far-field of the antenna, on residential premises located directly in front of the antenna within its main radiation lobe. In addition, there were performed measurements of electromagnetic fields produced by mobile communication in rural areas. Santrauka Pastaruoju metu paplitus koriniam mobiliųjų telefonų tinklui ir ypač – įvedus skaitmenines GSM900/1800/2100 sistemas, daugelyje Europos šalių pradėta rūpintis dėl galimo šių sistemų bazinių stočių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės poveikio žmogaus sveikatai. Kai kuriose šalyse imta reikalauti zonų be mobiliųjų telefonų, kuriose būtų draudžiama įrengti bazines stotis, gerokai sumažinti didžiausiąją leidžiamąją apšvitą ar įvesti kitus ribojimus. 1999 m. liepos 12 d. priimta Europos Tarybos rekomendacija nurodo nustatyti maksimalių elektromagnetinės spinduliuotės (0–300 GHz) laukų stiprį, reikalauja teikti informaciją apie gyventojų apšvitą dėl elektromagnetinių laukų bei taikomas priemones jai sumažinti. Pateikiami ir nagrinėjami gyvenamojoje zonoje mobiliojo ryšio antenų sukuriamų elektromagnetinių laukų duomenys. Atlikti elektrinio stiprio, magnetinio stiprio ir elektromagnetinio lauko energijos srauto tankio matavimai. Duomenys lyginami su nustatytomis higienos normomis. Tyrimai atlikti artimojoje ir tolimojoje antenos zonoje, gyvenamosiose patalpose, esančiose prieš anteną. Mobiliojo ryšio elektromagnetinių laukų matavimai atlikti ir kaimo vietovėse.

scholarly journals Temporal variation of exposure from radio-frequency electromagnetic fields around mobile communication base stations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. e00724
Author(s):  
Abel B. Olorunsola ◽  
Omolayo M. Ikumapayi ◽  
Bankole I. Oladapo ◽  
Adeleke O. Alimi ◽  
Adeyinka O.M. Adeoye
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Base Stations

Mobile Phones-Like Electromagnetic Fields Effects on Human Psychomotor Performance

2015 ◽  
pp. 694-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Valentini ◽  
Giuseppe Curcio
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cellular Phones ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Biologic Effects ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

Nowadays nearly more than half of human beings on the planet are directly or indirectly exposed to an “evolutionary” novel physical agent: the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by cellular phones, base stations, as well as other types of wireless communication technologies. More than 10 years ago several studies reported that cognitive functions of human beings may have been altered while exposed to radiofrequency (RF) EMFs. Yet, the genuine effect of these non-ionizing radiations on human behaviour was not replicated by several other recent and more methodologically robust studies. Latest reviews and metanalyses confirmed the paucity of evidence in favour of psychomotor and cognitive effects of acute RF EMF exposure on human volunteers in well controlled laboratory settings. Thus, despite persisting concerns on potential biologic effects of acute RF EMFs irradiation, there is substantial lack of evidence that RF radiation can affect cognitive functions in humans.

The Adverse Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation From Cellular Base Stations in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
Ndidi Stella Arinze ◽  
Patrick Uche Okafor ◽  
Osondu Ignatius Onah
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Specific Absorption Rate ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Telecommunication Industry ◽  
Specific Absorption ◽  
The People

On a global scale, the telecommunication industry is experiencing tremendous growth in mobile phones. Mobile phones communicate with base stations that are erected by the telecommunication industry. The base station produces radio frequency and exposes the people near the base stations to radiation. The effect of electromagnetic radiation from four base stations located at the residential area was studied by measuring their electric field strength and calculating their magnetic field strength and power density at different distances covering a frequency range of 900MHz to 2100MHz. The obtained values showed that the four cellular base stations are operating above the standard values of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Electromagnetic Field Radiation. The specific absorption rate was measured to determine the amount of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the human body. The result which is in the range of 3.22-3.70 W/kg is higher than the acceptable 2 W/kg for localized specific absorption rate.

Electromagnetic fields at work places experts of the cellular companies

10.12737/5019 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Горохов ◽  
E. Gorokhov ◽  
Ляпкало ◽  
A. Lyapkalo
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Magnetic Components ◽  
Electronic Computers ◽  
The Impact

The paper presents the results of instrumental studies by means of hygienic assessment of levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the workplaces in cellular companies. Measurements of EFM were made on workplaces of 2 groups of employees during the studies: office administrative specialists and technical employees. Instrumental measurements of EMF levels were made by Personal Electronic Computers (PCs) and receivingtransmitting equipment of base cellular stations (BCS). Measurements of EMF from the PC´s screens based on electric and magnetic components were performed: a tension of electric fields with a frequency range of 5Hz-2 kHz and 2 kHz-4 kHz; a tension of magnetic fields in the frequency range of 5Hz-2 kHz and 2 kHz-4 kHz. Measurements of flux density of electromagnetic energy were performed at operating platforms of base stations and at control operating equipment rooms of cellular stations. There were about 150 workplaces of office administrative specialists with PCs surveyed and more 500 workplaces of technical specialists. The activities of administrations of cellular companies were estimated to ensure the safety of working conditions of employees under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Literature data on the impact of EMR on human health and health of employees were presented.

EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD FROM MOBILE PHONE ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 2267-2277
Author(s):  
Dr. Esmail Ali
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Base Station

Devices such as mobile phones, wireless internet modems, and radios and televisions, which occupy an important place in social life, produce electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Widespread use of these devices in daily life increases the intensity of exposure to EMFs on a day to day basis. Investigation of the effects on health of devices such as mobile phones used in close proximity to the body is attracting considerable interest from scientists. Mobile phones manufactured using the latest technology operate in a high frequency range (300–3000 MHz). This further heightens concerns regarding the effect of mobile phones on human health. Most Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) operators in Europe, Asia, and Africa use a frequency of 900 MHz. With the rapid development of electronic information and communication techniques, exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has increased dramatically. Some studies have focused on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. Microwave radiation has been reported as producing adverse effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including headache, sleep disorders, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction and neurogenesis impairment in both humans and animals. However, the direct effects of microwave radiation on neurodevelopment and the underlying mechanisms for any such effects remain unknown. As per today’s global scenario use of mobile phone is increasing day by day for communication. Due to its constant use, the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted from the cell phone, base station and other household appliances cause adverse effects on human health. There is an increase concern about the interaction of EMR generated from mobile phones, with the human organs specially with brain because of its close and long proximity to human brain during the mobile usage. Concerns have shown whether these exposures could have effect on brain and central nervous system (CNS).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation level in the Outdoor from Wireless Transmission Systems in Northern West Bank – Palestine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Mutamed Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Local Radio

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

The Effects of Precautionary Messages about Electromagnetic Fields from Mobile Phones and Base Stations Revisited: The Role of Recipient Characteristics

Risk Analysis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Boehmert ◽  
Peter Wiedemann ◽  
Jonathon Pye ◽  
Rodney Croft
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Base Stations

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation level in the Outdoor from Wireless Transmission Systems in Northern West Bank – Palestine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Mutamed Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Local Radio

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

scholarly journals Mobile telephony and its effects on human health

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-234
Author(s):  
Andrzej Magiera ◽  
Jolanta Solecka
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of electromagnetic radiation sources such as mobile phones and base stations of mobile telephony. This radiation has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B). For this reason, many studies have been carried out on the impact of mobile telephony on human health. The largest of the experiments were carried out on animals. Due to the divergent results of many studies, there was no clear answer on the possible carcinogenic effects of this type of radiation on health. Detection of cancer shortly after an exposure is the most difficult task in analyzing the results. Some of the studies require repetition and verification of the results. In the case of negative effects of electromagnetic fields on brain activity, sleep, heart rate, cognitive function and blood pressure, no consistent evidence has been obtained either. In view of the increasing popularity of mobile phones, their location at short distances from the body (mainly the head) and the development of mobile phone technologies (which entails an increase in the number of base stations), further research, especially among young people, is needed. The duration of human exposure to electromagnetic radiation is subject to an increase and only further research can provide an answer on the possible negative effects of mobile phones and base stations.

scholarly journals Hygienic characteristic of the electromagnetic situation created by the electromagnetic radiation of the antennas of mobile base stations in Cherkasy region before and after the introduction of 4G technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-165
Author(s):  
S.S.  Halak ◽  
V.Yu. Dumansky ◽  
N.G. Nikitina ◽  
S.V. Bitkin ◽  
A.P. Bezverkha
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Maximum Permissible Level ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
5G Technologies ◽  
Mobile Base

This work is part of our researches to study the distribution of electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations in populated areas. The aim of this work was to study and analyze the electromagnetic situation before and after the introduction of fourth generation 4G technology at mobile base stations. We analyzed the maximum and average levels of electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations located in Cherkasy region. The electromagnetic situation was studied both in urban areas and in rural areas. It was found that after the introduction of the fourth generation 4G technology at the mobile base stations, the levels of electromagnetic radiation in Cherkasy region increased significantly. The median of maximum levels of electromagnetic radiation increased by 155.6% (in particular, in urban areas by 194.1%), and the median of average levels - by 75.2% (in particular, in urban areas by 141.1%). No significant changes in electromagnetic radiation levels were detected before and after the modernization of mobile base stations in rural areas. It has been proven that there are no prerequisites for increasing the maximum permissible level to 100 μW/cm2 when implementing 4G and 5G technologies at mobile base stations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document