Overexpression of the glucosyltransferase gene BoaUGT74B1 enhances the accumulation of indole glucosinolates in Chinese kale

The content and component of glucosinolates in edible stems and leaves of eight Chinese kale varieties from Japan and eight varieties from China were determined by HPLC-MS. Simultaneously, the expression levels of glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway genes from four varieties with high and low total glucosinolate contents were analyzed by the qRT-PCR method. Four types of aliphatic glucosinolates (A-GLSs: GRA, SIN, GNA and GER) and indole glucosinolates (I-GLSs: 4-HGBS, GBS, 4-MGBS and NGBS) were detected in the stems and leaves of 16 varieties, and no aromatic glucosinolates (R-GLSs) were detected. A-GLSs account for more than 80.69% of the total content of total glucosinolates (T-GLSs), in which GNA and GRA are the main components of stems and leaves. Among Japanese varieties, QB1 has higher content of A- and T-GLSs, while that of XLB was lower; however, the corresponding varieties were ZH and DSHH in Chinese varieties. Among the above four varieties, the expression levels of SOT16, CYP83B1, SOT17, CYP83A1 and MAM1 genes were significantly higher in the varieties with higher GLSs; the expression levels of SOT16 and CYP83B1 were consistent with the content of I-GLSs; and SOT17, CYP83A1 and MAM1 expression levels were consistent with A-GLSs content. At the same time, the expression levels of SOT16 and CYP83B1 in the leaves were higher than those in the stems. CYP83A1 and MAM1 genes were less expressed in the leaves than in the stems of lower content varieties. It is speculated that these genes may be the key genes regulating GLS biosynthesis in Chinese kale.

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In-depth evaluation of root infection systems using the vascular fungus Verticillium longisporum as soil-borne model pathogen

Plant Methods ◽

10.1186/s13007-021-00758-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Fröschel

Keyword(s):

Marker Genes ◽

Root Infection ◽

Root Pathogen ◽

Verticillium Longisporum ◽

Indole Glucosinolates ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Root Pathogens ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Microbe Interactions ◽

Defence Strategies

Abstract Background While leaves are far more accessible for analysing plant defences, roots are hidden in the soil, leading to difficulties in studying soil-borne interactions. Inoculation strategies for infecting model plants with model root pathogens are described in the literature, but it remains demanding to obtain a methodological overview. To address this challenge, this study uses the model root pathogen Verticillium longisporum on Arabidopsis thaliana host plants and provides recommendations for selecting appropriate infection systems to investigate how plants cope with root pathogens. Results A novel root infection system is introduced, while two existing ones are precisely described and optimized. Step-by-step protocols are presented and accompanied by pathogenicity tests, transcriptional analyses of indole-glucosinolate marker genes and independent confirmations using reporter constructs. Advantages and disadvantages of each infection system are assessed. Overall, the results validate the importance of indole-glucosinolates as secondary metabolites that limit the Verticillium propagation in its host plant. Conclusion Detailed assistances on studying host defence strategies and responses against V. longisporum is provided. Furthermore, other soil-borne microorganisms (e.g., V. dahliae) or model plants, such as economically important oilseed rape and tomato, can be introduced in the infection systems described. Hence, these proven manuals can support finding a root infection system for your specific research questions to further decipher root-microbe interactions.

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Uptake and Dissipation of Carbofuran and Its Metabolite in Chinese Kale and Brinjal Cultivated Under Humid Tropic Climate

Advances in Agriculture ◽

10.1155/2019/7937086 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Siong Fong Sim ◽

Ling Yan Chung ◽

Jocephine Jonip ◽

Lian Kuet Chai

Keyword(s):

Half Life ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Humid Tropic ◽

Maximum Residue Level ◽

Chinese Kale ◽

Limit Of Determination ◽

Vegetable Farming ◽

Residue Concentration ◽

Preharvest Interval

Carbofuran is an insecticide with a broad spectrum of activity and is relatively cheap. It is banned in many countries in the world; however, it remains widely used in Asia, Australia, and South America. Carbofuran is commonly used in vegetable farming in Malaysia and it is a legally registered pesticide. This study reports the uptake and dissipation of carbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran in Chinese kale and brinjal under humid tropic field conditions. The residue profile in plants demonstrated an increase to a maximum, followed by a consistent reduction to a level below the limit of determination (<0.01 mg/kg) over the experimental period. The maximum residue concentration was attained on Day 3 for kale (1.16 mg/kg fresh weight) and Day 7 for brinjal (0.06 mg/kg fresh weight) after carbofuran application. In order to comply with the maximum residue level (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg, the preharvest interval for kale and brinjal were suggested at 23 and 28 days, respectively. The preharvest interval indicates that carbofuran is not recommended for Chinese kale but it is acceptable for brinjal. The average half-life of carbofuran in soil is 1.24 days, shorter than the literature values reported based on temperate condition, indicating accelerated dissipation under tropical climate. The estimated half-life of carbofuran in leaves was shorter than that in fruits with kale leaves reported at 2.54 days whilst brinjal leaves and fruits recorded at 3.22 and 10.33 days, respectively.

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