scholarly journals Uptake and Dissipation of Carbofuran and Its Metabolite in Chinese Kale and Brinjal Cultivated Under Humid Tropic Climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Siong Fong Sim ◽  
Ling Yan Chung ◽  
Jocephine Jonip ◽  
Lian Kuet Chai
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Humid Tropic ◽  
Maximum Residue Level ◽  
Chinese Kale ◽  
Limit Of Determination ◽  
Vegetable Farming ◽  
Residue Concentration ◽  
Preharvest Interval

Carbofuran is an insecticide with a broad spectrum of activity and is relatively cheap. It is banned in many countries in the world; however, it remains widely used in Asia, Australia, and South America. Carbofuran is commonly used in vegetable farming in Malaysia and it is a legally registered pesticide. This study reports the uptake and dissipation of carbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran in Chinese kale and brinjal under humid tropic field conditions. The residue profile in plants demonstrated an increase to a maximum, followed by a consistent reduction to a level below the limit of determination (<0.01 mg/kg) over the experimental period. The maximum residue concentration was attained on Day 3 for kale (1.16 mg/kg fresh weight) and Day 7 for brinjal (0.06 mg/kg fresh weight) after carbofuran application. In order to comply with the maximum residue level (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg, the preharvest interval for kale and brinjal were suggested at 23 and 28 days, respectively. The preharvest interval indicates that carbofuran is not recommended for Chinese kale but it is acceptable for brinjal. The average half-life of carbofuran in soil is 1.24 days, shorter than the literature values reported based on temperate condition, indicating accelerated dissipation under tropical climate. The estimated half-life of carbofuran in leaves was shorter than that in fruits with kale leaves reported at 2.54 days whilst brinjal leaves and fruits recorded at 3.22 and 10.33 days, respectively.

scholarly journals Physiological and Productivity Responses of High-wire Tomato as Affected by Supplemental Light Source and Distribution within the Canopy

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celina Gómez ◽  
Cary A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Use Efficiency

The relative coolness-to-touch of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has enabled commercial implementation of intracanopy lighting (ICL) in the greenhouse. Intracanopy lighting, which refers to the strategy of lighting along the side or from within the foliar canopy, can increase canopy photosynthetic activity, but physiological and productivity responses of high-wire greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to intracanopy supplemental lighting (SL) still are not yet fully understood. Two consecutive production experiments were conducted across seasons in a glass-glazed greenhouse located in a midnorthern, continental climate [lat. 40°N (West Lafayette, IN)]. Plants were grown from winter-to-summer [increasing solar daily light integral (DLI)] and from summer-to-winter (decreasing solar DLI) to compare three SL strategies for high-wire tomato production across changing solar DLIs: top lighting with high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) vs. intracanopy LED vertical towers vs. hybrid SL (HPS + horizontal ICL-LEDs). A control treatment also was included for which no SL was provided. Supplemental DLI for each experimental period was adjusted monthly, to complement seasonal changes in sunlight, aiming to approach a target total DLI of 25 mol·m‒2·d‒1 during fruit set. Harvest parameters (total fruit fresh weight, number of fruit harvested, and average cluster fresh weight), tissue temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stomatal conductance (gS) were unaffected by SL treatment in both experiments. Among the physiological parameters evaluated, CO2 assimilation measured under light-saturating conditions, light-limited quantum-use efficiency, and maximum gross CO2 assimilation (Amax) proved to be good indicators of how ICL reduces the top-to-bottom decline in leaf photosynthetic activity otherwise measured with top lighting only (HPS-SL or solar). Although SL generally increased fruit yield relative to control, lack of SL treatment differences among harvest parameters indicates that higher crop photosynthetic activity did not increase fruit yield. Compared with control, intracanopy SL increased yield to the same extent as top SL, but the remaining photoassimilate from ICL most likely was partitioned to maintain nonharvested, vegetative plant parts as well.

scholarly journals The level of residue of pesticides in vegetables by GC-MS, health risk and the negligence in implementation of policies, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Azra Khan ◽  
J. P. Srivastava ◽  
Dipak Kumar Bose
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Pesticides Residues ◽  
Maximum Residue Level ◽  
Residual Level ◽  
Pesticides Exposure ◽  
Vegetable Farming ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: Over the past years there has been an increase in the use of pesticides in vegetable farming developing countries. This study describes over spraying pesticide use among small-scale farmers in Jasra block of Allahabad district of Uttar Pradesh.Methods: The purpose of this study was proposed to determine the pesticide residual level in 120 vegetable samples like brinjal, lady finger, tomato, chili, cabbage analysed by (GC-MS) gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry technique. Assessing the health risk due to the daily consumption of contaminated vegetables Jasra block of Allahabad district.Results: Samples were contaminated with organophosphorus group namely chlorpyriphos in bringal 1.215 mg/kg, and less carbamate (carbaryl) from 0.025 mg/kg, ladyfinger with the concentration of  chlorpyriphos 0.418 mg/kg carbaryl 0.092 with very less residue of dichlorvos 0.005, green chilli with the concentration of chloropyriphos 1.507 mg/kg. Carbaryl 0.033 mg/kg, tomato with the concentration of chlorpyriphos 1.631mg/kg followed by less carbaryl 0.026 mg/kg, malathione, 1.890 mg/kg followed by cabbage with the concentration of chlorphyriphos 1.907 mg/kg. And less carbaryl concentration was recorded 0.064 mg/kg.Conclusions: Five vegetable with pesticides residues, exceeding the maximum residue level (MRL) recommended by FSSAI, FAO/WHO. Farmers over spraying methods leads to acute diseases like respiratory tract infection, extreme weakness, and longer use  pesticides exposure leads to chronic diseases like asthma, anxiety, depression, cancer, leukemia, allergies, nausea, vomiting, headache, blur vision, skin itching etc.to minimize the risk of diseases policy making and farmer protection standard and proper handling techniques, trained professionals to improve health safety.

scholarly journals Effect of Prior Heat Stress on the Early Growth of Carica papaya

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-512
Author(s):  
Gideon Olarewaju OKUNLOLA ◽  
Adekunle Ajayi ADELUSI
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B

The experiment was carried out to determine the effects of heat stress on some growth parameters like shoot height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight as well as the accumulation of chlorophylls in Carica papaya. Seedlings of C. papaya were exposed to prior heat stress at 40 °C. A group of plants was placed in a Gallenkamp oven for four hours; another group of plants was placed in the oven for eight hours while the third group of plants was placed in a dark cupboard for the period of eight hours. Sampling was carried out at weekly intervals starting from seven days after treatment. Plants were randomly picked from each of the three treatments. Three replicates were used for each parameter. The results obtained from the study showed that there was an increment in the shoot height, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight from the beginning to the end of the experimental period. However, the accumulation of chlorophylls did not follow a particular pattern. The analysis of variance carried out on the data obtained showed that heat stress had a significant effect on the petiole length, shoot height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight. Heat stress, however, did not produce a significant effect on the accumulation of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll.

Food intake and body weight changes in mice infected with metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps

Parasitology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Crompton ◽  
S. E. Arnold ◽  
D. E. Walters ◽  
P. J. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Taenia Crassiceps ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Protein Diets

General nutritional effects on female CFLP mice harbouring larval Taenia crassiceps were investigated using groups of mice fed ad libitum on purified diets containing 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% (w/w) protein respectively. When uninfected and infected mice were compared over an experimental period of 20 weeks, it was established that a significantly higher proportion of uninfected mice survived the course of the experiment than infected mice. There was no evidence of the presence of the parasites having any effect on the overall food intake of the mice. Infected mice, however, were found to be significantly heavier, on a fresh weight basis, than their uninfected partners, but the pattern was reversed when the dry weights of mouse carcasses were compared following the removal of parasites. In general, more parasite tissue was recovered from mice feeding on the higher protein diets (8% and 16%).

Determination of Residues of Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos in Lavender and Rosemary Leaves by Gas Chromatography

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamdouh R Rezk ◽  
Abd El-Aziz B Abd El-Aleem ◽  
Shaban M Khalile ◽  
Omneya K El-Naggar
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Rotary Evaporator ◽  
Life Values ◽  
Preharvest Interval

Abstract A sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) GC method has been developed for the determination of diazinon and chlorpyrifos residues in lavender and rosemary leaves. The developed method consists of blending weighed samples of chopped leaves with sodium sulfate as the dehydrating agent, extraction with ethyl acetate, filtration, evaporation with a rotary evaporator, and, finally, capillary GC determination of the pesticides. The recoveries of the method were greater than 90%, and the LOQ was less than 0.1 µg/mL. The method was applied to determine the rate of disappearance of diazinon and chlorpyrifos from lavender and rosemary leaves pretreated with the studied pesticides. The half-life values (t1/2) of diazinon were found to be 5.93 and 6.35 days for lavender and rosemary leaves, respectively, whereas the t1/2 values of chlorpyrifos were calculated to be 7.86 and 9.52 days for lavender and rosemary leaves, respectively. The safe harvest interval (preharvest interval; PHI) was suggested to be after 21 and 24 days for diazinon and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The PHI refers to the amount of time that must lapse (in days) after a pesticide application before a crop can be cut.

scholarly journals Residual behaviour of imidacloprid in the country bean growing soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
H Rahman ◽  
T Akter ◽  
HK Mishu ◽  
RU Miah ◽  
MS Alam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Determination Limit ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Quechers Method ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Degradation Pattern ◽  
Preharvest Interval

The assessment of residual behavior of imidacloprid (Admire 20SL) in the soil of country bean agroecosystem and its risk assessment for consumption was studied. QuEChERS method was used for the extraction and clean-up of samples and the residues of imidacloprid was estimated using Gas Chromatography. The dissipation studies in the soil system were carried out by application of imidacloprid at five different dosages i.e. 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 g a.i. ha-1. Average initial deposits of imidacloprid were found to be 0.99, 1.33, 1.62, 1.83 and 2.20 mg.kg-1. The residues reached below determination limit (BDL) of 0.01 mg kg-1 in 9 days for recommended dose and 12 days for remaining higher dosages. Half-life (T1/2)) of imidacloprid in the soil was observed to be 1.88, 1.74, 1.73, 1.56 and 1.52 days for 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. The chemodynamics study of imidacloprid spray indicated that only 27.20 -28.40% sprays were deposited to the target site (plant canopy) and 71.60-72.80% were lost to non-target site such as soil and air. The drift of imidacloprid to soil (39.47-40.20%) was higher than the air (32.13-32.60%). Based on degradation pattern and maximum, the recommended preharvest interval (PHI) might be eight 9 days and a waiting period of two days might be suggested for reapplication of the imidacloprid in country bean agroecosystem. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(1): 89-101, March 2019

scholarly journals Residues of streptomycin antibiotic in commercial layers in Abeokuta and Ibadan metropolis

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Author(s):  
M. A. Dipeolu ◽  
A. J. Adebayo ◽  
O. M. Oke
Keyword(s):  
Human Consumption ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Maximum Residue Level ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Atcc ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Residue Concentration ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Open Markets

Old layers sold for human consumption in six open markets in Abeokuta and Ibadan metropolis of Ogun and Oyo States of Nigeria were analyzed for the presence of residues of streptomycin antibiotic. One hundred and twenty samples comprising of muscle (thigh and breast), liver and kidney tissues were subjected to microbiological assay technique for the detection of residues of the antibiotic. The assay was done on antibiotic medium 5 agar with Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) organism. Results showed that 34.17% of the sampled birds were positive for the presence of streptomycin antibiotic. The concentration of the residues ranged between 0.18µg/g and 0.91µg/g. The mean residue levels recorded among the organs are not significantly different (P>0.05). Some of the muscle samples recorded residue concentration levels higher than the W.H.O recommended maximum residue level for streptomycin antibiotic in muscle tissue of food animals. In view of the importance of antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial diseases in both human and animals, it is advocated that the use of these drugs in food animals be done judiciously.

scholarly journals Prospects of Integrating Caviaculture and Fish Farming in the Western Region of Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Emile MIÉGOUÉ ◽  
Pégis Davy TAGNING ZEBAZE ◽  
Thomas EFOLE EWOUKEM ◽  
Fernand TENDONKENG ◽  
Jules LEMOUFOUET ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
The University ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

This study was conducted within three months at the University of Dschang Research and Application Farm (5°44’-5°36’ et 5°44’-5°37’ LN ; 10°06’-9°94’ et 10°06’-9°85’ LE). The main objective was to evaluate the integration perspectives of caviaculture and fishery. Specifically, the study was aimed at evaluating the production of guinea pig dungs, its bromatological composition and appreciating the nitrogen/phosphorus ratio in other to determine the adequate quantities of manure for a proper fertilization of fish ponds. Hence, 96 guinea pigs weighing averagely 390 ± 110g each were randomly distributed into two comparable lots (floor covered with litter and floor without litter) and were subjected to 8 feeds (5 grasses and 3 legumes). Each lot had 6 repetitions of 8 individuals. The animals were fed three times daily within 30 days. The dungs of guinea pigs were collected after three days between 6 and 8am during the experimental period. They were then selected and weighed using and electric balance of 0.1g sensitivity. At the end of the study, the following results were obtained: a guinea pig of 390 ± 110 g in confinement produced between 51.7 ± 0.4 to 60.5 ± 0.7g (fresh weight) of dung per day. The bromatological analysis of these dungs showed that they are made of organic material (80.0%), dry matter (94.3%), crude protein (10.7%), ash (19.9%) and nitrogen (22.7%). These results attesting the richness of these dungs helped in estimating the quantities (103.4g to 206.8g) of dung/day/100m2 for the breeding of 2 to 4 guinea pigs per fish pond of 100 m2 for an integrated breeding (guinea pig-fish).

Suppression and stimulation of TSH and thyroid hormones in bulls during starvation and refeeding

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borghild Tveit ◽  
Flemming Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract. Sixteen bull calves were fasted during two periods, 3½ and 7 months old. Blood samples were taken every 6 h during an experimental period of 9 days: 2 control days, 5 fasting days and 2 refeeding days. During the control days with ad libitum feeding, T3, T4 and TSH increased during the day. During the fasting period, T4 decreased with a half-life of 3.5 days and T3 with a half-life of 3 days. TSH decreased in a less regularly way to a mean of 60% of control mean. Six h after refeeding, TSH had increased to 300% of control mean. T3 and T4 had a maximum 12 h after refeeding. As the T4 decreased with a rate nearly similar to the T4 disappearance rate in starving bulls, the secretion of T4 from the thyroid gland must have been almost stopped during the starvation period. The morning values were below normal for all three hormones after 2 days of refeeding.

THE EFFECT OF OVARIECTOMY ON RABBIT BLASTOCYSTS

1962 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
CECILIA LUTWAK-MANN ◽  
MARY F. HAY ◽  
C. E. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Microscopical Examination ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Embryonic Loss ◽  
Uterine Environment

SUMMARY The behaviour of rabbit blastocysts and their uterine environment after ovariectomy was studied; the experimental period after ovariectomy varied from 17 to 26 hr. Most of the experiments were concerned with blastocysts recovered from rabbits spayed at 6 days; a few relate to embryos from animals spayed on day 5 or 7 of gestation. Ovariectomy resulted in variable, often considerable, embryonic loss. Following bilateral ovariectomy at 6–6½ days, implantation on day 7 was completely prevented; those blastocysts which survived showed evidence of expansion and differentiation during the interval after ovariectomy. This provided an opportunity (1) to assess the stage of development, and mitotic activity, as well as certain biochemical characteristics, in embryos surviving ovariectomy, and (2) to use the free-lying 7-day-old blastocysts for culture experiments. It was found that mitotic activity went on in blastocysts after ovariectomy. Upon transfer to suitable culture media the unimplanted 7-day-old blastocysts continued to grow and differentiate, the most advanced stage observed at the end of a 24 hr. period of incubation in vitro being the development of blood islands, primitive groove, and head process. The fresh weight, and the content of bicarbonate and glucose of the 7-day-old unimplanted blastocysts differed little from those of normally implanted blastocysts of the same age; their content of lactate, however, was distinctly lower. Carbonic anhydrase activity after spaying was fully maintained in the endometrium which showed little involutional change either on gross or on microscopical examination.

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