Comprehensive investigation of SARS-CoV-2 fate in wastewater and finding the virus transfer and destruction route through conventional activated sludge and sequencing batch reactor

Treatment of the petroleum refinery wastewater containing complex chemicals using biological processes is usually challenging because of the inhibition and/or toxicity of these matters when they serve as microbial substrates. In addition, performance modeling and cost evaluation of processes are essential for designing, construction, and forecasting future economic requirements of the petroleum refinery wastewater treatment plants (PRWWTPs). In this study, the performance and economics of conventional activated sludge (CAS) process replacing by sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology in a two train PRWWTP were evaluated using simulation. The final treated effluent characteristics for the PRWWTPs containing CAS + CAS and SBR + CAS processes under steady state conditions were studied and evolution of the main parameters of the final effluent during the 30 days of simulation for these plants were investigated. Finally, the total project construction, operation labor, maintenance, material, chemical, energy, and amortization costs of these plants were estimated and compared. Results demonstrated that the project construction cost of PRWWTP containing CAS + CAS processes was lower than that of PRWWTP containing SBR + CAS processes and the energy and amortization costs for both plants were higher in comparison with the operation, maintenance, material, and chemical costs. Note that this study is a computer simulation and drawing general conclusions only on the basis of computer simulation may be insufficient.

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The bioaugmentation of sequencing batch reactor sludges for biological phosphorus removal

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0003 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

E. Belia ◽

P. G. Smith

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Pure Culture ◽

Phosphorus Removal ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Sewage Treatment Plant ◽

Biological Phosphorus Removal ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

Biological Phosphorus

The development of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) through the bioaugmentation of a conventional activated sludge was studied. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the phosphorus removal capability of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) when started with conventional activated sludge and augmented with a pure culture of Acinetobacter lwoffii. The effect of the addition of the pure culture on the reactor start up time, the settling properties of the sludge and on COD and nitrogen removal was also investigated. The effect of the removal of up to 70% of the bioaugmented biomass and its substitution with unconditioned sludge from a conventional sewage treatment plant was determined. This study has demonstrated that bioaugmentation can convert a conventional sewage works activated sludge to an EBPR sludge in 14 days. The sludge produced shows resilience to influent phosphate fluctuations, low D.O. and biomass replacement. The COD and nitrogen removal capabilities of the sludge and its settling properties are not affected by the addition of the pure culture.

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Use of computers for process design analysis and control: sequencing batch reactor application

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0022 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Asher Brenner

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Design Analysis ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Operating Cycle ◽

Operational Strategies ◽

Conventional Activated Sludge ◽

And Control

Computers have become a vital part of every modern wastewater treatment plant. They can be used for design, analysis, and control of the treatment process. Mathematical modelling and simulation of various process configurations, load conditions, and operational strategies lead to better understanding and improved design and operation. Computer assisted analysis of process performance and automatic control of plant units aid reduce expenses related to energy, chemicals, and man power. Stringent disposal constraints imposed in most modern countries require application of sophisticated computerized control systems to ensure high quality effluents. The sequencing batch reactor system is similar to the conventional activated sludge process in its ability to achieve biological removal of organic carbon and nutrients by a single sludge. However, due to the non-steady-state nature of the process, and to the large substrate and nutrient gradients occurring during the operating cycle, some modifications in the traditional activated sludge waste characterization and process modelling should be considered.

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Enrichment and characterization of an anaerobic methyl ethyl ketoxime degrading culture from an anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic activated sludge sequencing batch reactor

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0590 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (4-5) ◽

pp. 95-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nancy G. Love ◽

Mary E. Rust ◽

Kathy C. Terlesky

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Electron Acceptor ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Enrichment Culture ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Time Frame ◽

Methyl Ethyl

An anaerobic enrichment culture was developed from an anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic activated sludge sequencing batch reactor using methyl ethyl ketoxime (MEKO), a potent nitrification inhibitor, as the sole carbon and energy source in the absence of molecular oxygen and nitrate. The enrichment culture was gradually fed decreasing amounts of biogenic organic compounds and increasing concentrations of MEKO over 23 days until the cultures metabolized the oxime as the sole carbon source; the cultures were maintained for an additional 41 days on MEKO alone. Turbidity stabilized at approximately 100 mg/l total suspended solids. Growth on selective media plates confirmed that the microorganisms were utilizing the MEKO as the sole carbon and energy source. The time frame required for growth indicated that the kinetics for MEKO degradation are slow. A batch test indicated that dissolved organic carbon decreased at a rate comparable to MEKO consumption, while sulfate was not consumed. The nature of the electron acceptor in anaerobic MEKO metabolism is unclear, but it is hypothesized that the MEKO is hydrolyzed intracellularly to form methyl ethyl ketone and hydroxylamine which serve as electron donor and electron acceptor, respectively.

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Excess nitrogen accumulation in activated sludge in sequencing batch reactor with a single-stage oxic process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2009.003 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 573-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xiao-ming Li ◽

Dong-bo Wang ◽

Qi Yang ◽

Wei Zheng ◽

Jian-bin Cao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Ph Value ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Nitrogen Loss ◽

Single Stage ◽

Synthetic Wastewater ◽

Nitrogen Accumulation ◽

Excess Nitrogen

It was occasionally found that a significant nitrogen loss in solution under neutral pH value in a sequencing batch reactor with a single-stage oxic process using synthetic wastewater, and then further studies were to verify the phenomenon of nitrogen loss and to investigate the pathway of nitrogen removal. The result showed that good performance of nitrogen removal was obtained in system. 0–7.28 mg L−1 ammonia, 0.08–0.38 mg L−1 nitrite and 0.94–2.12 mg L−1 nitrate were determined in effluent, respectively, when 29.85–35.65 mg L−1 ammonia was feeding as the sole nitrogen source in influent. Furthermore, a substantial nitrogen loss in solution (95% of nitrogen influent) coupled with a little gaseous nitrogen increase in off-gas (7% of nitrogen influent) was determined during a typical aerobic phase. In addition, about 322 mg nitrogen accumulation (84% of nitrogen influent) was detected in activated sludge. Based on nitrogen mass balance calculation, the unaccounted nitrogen fraction and the ratio of nitrogen accumulation in sludge/nitrogen loss in solution were 14.6 mg (3.7% of nitrogen influent) and 0.89, respectively. The facts indicated that the essential pathway of nitrogen loss in solution in this study was excess nitrogen accumulation in activated sludge.

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Effects of adsorbents and copper(II) on activated sludge microorganisms and sequencing batch reactor treatment process

Journal of Hazardous Materials ◽

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2003.07.008 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 263-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

S.A Ong ◽

P.E Lim ◽

C.E Seng

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Batch Reactor

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Advanced Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0243 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 267-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Imura ◽

E. Suzuki ◽

T. Kitao ◽

S. Iwai

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Small Scale ◽

Experimental Plant ◽

Activated Sludge Process ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Experimental Apparatus

In order to apply a sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process to small scale treatment facilities, various experiments were conducted by manufacturing an experimental apparatus made of a factory-produced FRP cylinder transverse tank (Ø 2,500mm). Results of the verification test conducted for one year by leading the wastewater discharged from apartment houses into the experimental apparatus were as follows. Excellent performance was achieved without any addition of carbon source, irrespective of the organic compound concentration and the temperature of raw wastewater. Organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed simultaneously. Due to the automated operation format, stable performance was obtained with only periodic maintenance. Though water depth of the experimental plant was shallow, effective sedimentation of activated sludge was continued during the experimental period. Regarding the aerobic and anaerobic process, nitrification and denitrification occurred smoothly.

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Dynamic control of nutrient-removal from industrial wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor, using common and low-cost online sensors

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2015.553 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 740-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jan Dries

Keyword(s):

Activated Sludge ◽

Nutrient Removal ◽

Industrial Wastewater ◽

Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Low Cost ◽

Dynamic Control ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

Oxidation Reduction Potential

On-line control of the biological treatment process is an innovative tool to cope with variable concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and nutrients in industrial wastewater. In the present study we implemented a simple dynamic control strategy for nutrient-removal in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating variable tank truck cleaning wastewater. The control system was based on derived signals from two low-cost and robust sensors that are very common in activated sludge plants, i.e. oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen. The amount of wastewater fed during anoxic filling phases, and the number of filling phases in the SBR cycle, were determined by the appearance of the ‘nitrate knee’ in the profile of the ORP. The phase length of the subsequent aerobic phases was controlled by the oxygen uptake rate measured online in the reactor. As a result, the sludge loading rate (F/M ratio), the volume exchange rate and the SBR cycle length adapted dynamically to the activity of the activated sludge and the actual characteristics of the wastewater, without affecting the final effluent quality.

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