The many faces of CD4 T cells: Roles in immunity and disease

CD4 T cells that acquire cytotoxic phenotype and function have been repeatedly identified in humans, mice, and other species in response to many diverse pathogens. Since CD4 cytotoxic T cells are able to recognize antigenic determinants unique from those recognized by the parallel CD8 cytotoxic T cells, they can potentially contribute additional immune surveillance and direct effector function by lysing infected or malignant cells. Here, we briefly review much of what is known about the generation of cytotoxic CD4 T cells and describe our current understanding of their role in antiviral immunity. Furthering our understanding of the many roles of CD4 T cells during an anti-viral response is important for developing effective vaccine strategies that promote long-lasting protective immunity.

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Association between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and biological markers among adults with HIV

American Journal of Recreation Therapy ◽

10.5055/ajrt.2013.0044 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

Paul D. Loprinzi, PhD ◽

Carissa Martin, BA ◽

Christy Kane, PhD ◽

Jerome F. Walker, EdD

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

T Cells ◽

Biological Markers ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

And Biological Markers ◽

The Many

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physical activity and CD4+ T cells and various biological markers among those with HIV. Data from the 2003- 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Participants were asked to wear an accelerometer for 7 days. A blood sample was used to detect HIV and measure various biological parameters. Nineteen adults between 18 and 48 years of age had HIV and provided sufficient accelerometry data. Physical activity was not associated with CD4+ T cells. After adjustments, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (r = −0.44), fasting glucose (r = −0.78), and waist circumference (r = −0.45). These findings suggest that HIV-infected individuals are similar to those in the general population in that that their bodies are able to adapt to the many benefits associated with physical activity.

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The Many Faces of CD4+ T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Demetra S. M. Chatzileontiadou ◽

Hannah Sloane ◽

Andrea T. Nguyen ◽

Stephanie Gras ◽

Emma J. Grant

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

T Helper 1 ◽

Follicular Helper ◽

Integral Role ◽

The Many

As a major arm of the cellular immune response, CD4+ T cells are important in the control and clearance of infections. Primarily described as helpers, CD4+ T cells play an integral role in the development and activation of B cells and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are incredibly heterogeneous, and can be divided into six main lineages based on distinct profiles, namely T helper 1, 2, 17 and 22 (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22), regulatory T cells (Treg) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). Recent advances in structural biology have allowed for a detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that drive CD4+ T cell recognition. In this review, we discuss the defining features of the main human CD4+ T cell lineages and their role in immunity, as well as their structural characteristics underlying their detection of pathogens.

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