Synovial fluid contains cytokines, growth factors and resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The present study aimed to (1) determine the effects of autologous and allogeneic synovial fluid on viability, proliferation and chondrogenesis of equine bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) and (2) compare the immunomodulatory properties of equine synovial fluid MSCs (SFMSCs) and BMMSCs after stimulation with interferon gamma (INF-γ). To meet the first aim of the study, the proliferation and viability of MSCs were evaluated by MTS and calcein AM staining assays. To induce chondrogenesis, MSCs were cultured in a medium containing TGF-β1 or different concentrations of synovial fluid. To meet the second aim, SFMSCs and BMMSCs were stimulated with IFN-γ. The concentration of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide (NO) were examined. Our results show that MSCs cultured in autologous or allogeneic synovial fluid could maintain proliferation and viability activities. Synovial fluid affected chondrocyte differentiation significantly, as indicated by increased glycosaminoglycan contents, compared to the chondrogenic medium containing 5 ng/mL TGF-β1. After culturing with IFN-γ, the conditioned media of both BMMSCs and SFMSCs showed increased concentrations of IDO, but not NO. Stimulating MSCs with synovial fluid or IFN-γ could enhance chondrogenesis and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively, suggesting that the joint environment is suitable for chondrogenesis.
Old Friends with Unexploited Perspectives: Current Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies in Asthma