Variability of the egg hatch assay to survey benzimidazole resistance in nematodes of small ruminants under field conditions

Haemonchosis is a parasitic disease of small ruminants that adversely affects livestock production. Haemonchus contortus is one of the most prevalent nematode parasites that infect the abomasum of small ruminants. This parasite reduces milk production, overall growth and sometimes causes the death of the infected animals. The evaluation of the biocontrol potential of some abomasum bacterial isolates against H. contortus is investigated in this study. Out of which, three isolates—Comamonas testosteroni, Comamonas jiangduensis, Pseudomonas weihenstephanesis—show significant effect against the nematode L3, adult, and egg hatch inhibition assays. Various concentrations of metabolites from these bacteria are prepared and applied in different treatments compared with control. In the case of adult mortality assay, 50% metabolites of C. testosteroni and P. weihenstephanesis show 46% adult mortality, whereas C. jiangduensis shows 40% mortality. It is observed that decreasing the concentration of bacterial metabolite, lowers nematode mortality. The minimum nematode mortality rate is recorded at the lowest filtrates concentration of all the bacterial isolates. The same trend is observed in egg hatch inhibition assay, where the higher concentration of bacterial culture filtrates shows 100% inhibition of H. contortus egg. It is concluded that the effect of bacterial culture filtrates against H. contortus is dose-dependent for their activity against nematode L3, adult, and inhibition of egg hatchment.

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In vitro Efficacy of Albendazole against Strongyle eggs recovered from Trade Goats slaughtered at the Nsukka Abattoir: A Preliminary Survey of Resistance to Albendazole

Nigerian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/nvj.v40i4.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 287-295

Author(s):

I.K. Idika ◽

V.J. Ebuk ◽

E.I. Okoro ◽

T.A. Nzeakor ◽

N.M. Uzonnah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Faecal Sample ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Nematode Parasites ◽

Faecal Culture ◽

World Association ◽

Egg Hatch Assay ◽

Set Up

The efficacy of Albendazole against trichostrongyle nematode parasites in goats presented for slaughter at the Nsukka municipal abattoir was evaluated using the In vitro Egg hatch assay (EHA) model. The abattoir was visited once every week for 4 consecutive months during which a total of 240 goats were sampled. Fecal samples were collected per rectum from a minimum of 15 goats on each day of the visit. Egg Hatch Assay was performed on strongyle eggs recovered from pooled faecal sample on each day of sampling with a 2.5% W/V Albendazole. Faecal culture was also set up from the pooled faecal sample on each sampling day to recover and identify the nematode parasites present in the goats. Among the 240 goats sampled, the prevalence of trichostrongylosis as observed by the presence of strongyle eggs was 94.6% (227/240). Faecal culture and larval identification revealed 69.8% of the strongyles as Haemonchus contortus, while 25.5 and 4.8% were Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Oesophagostomum species respectively. In the EHA, Albendazole had mean LC50 value of 0.16 µg/ml which is slightly in excess of the discriminating dose of 0.1µg/ml as prescribed by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) as an indication of anthelmintic resistance. There is therefore an urgent need to screen the nematode parasite population in the Nigeria for the presence Albendazole resistance genes. Key words: GI nematode; egg hatch assay; goat; Albendazole; Resistance; Nigeria

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The relationship between faecal egg count reduction and the lethal dose 50% in the egg hatch assay and larval development assay

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00222-7 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 77 (2-3) ◽

pp. 133-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

N Maingi ◽

H Bjørn ◽

A Dangolla

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Egg Hatch Assay ◽

The Relationship

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Anthelmintic Activity of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) and Mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) against Haemonchus contortus in Sheep

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10020219 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dominika Mravčáková ◽

Michaela Komáromyová ◽

Michal Babják ◽

Michaela Urda Dolinská ◽

Alžbeta Königová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Haemonchus Contortus ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Anthelmintic Activity ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Artemisia Absinthium ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Ovicidal Effect ◽

Nematode Eggs

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of dry wormwood and mallow on the gastrointestinal parasite of small ruminants Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-four experimentally infected lambs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: unsupplemented lambs, lambs supplemented with wormwood, lambs supplemented with mallow and animals supplemented with a mix of both plants. Faecal samples from the lambs were collected on day 23, 29, 36, 43, 50, 57, 64 and 75 post-infection for quantification of the number of eggs per gram (EPG). The mix of both plants contained phenolic acids (10.7 g/kg DM) and flavonoids (5.51 g/kg DM). The nematode eggs were collected and in vitro egg hatch test was performed. The aqueous extracts of both plants exhibited strong ovicidal effect on H. contortus, with ED50 and ED99 values of 1.40 and 3.76 mg/mL and 2.17 and 5.89 mg/mL, respectively, in the in vitro tests. Despite the great individual differences between the treated lambs in eggs reduction, the mean EPG of the untreated and treated groups did not differ (p > 0.05). Our results indicate that using wormwood and mallow as dietary supplements do not have a sufficient effect on lambs infected with H. contortus.

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Development of an egg hatch assay for the detection of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole in Fasciola hepatica isolated from sheep

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.11.020 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 203 (1-2) ◽

pp. 217-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. Robles-Pérez ◽

J.M. Martínez-Pérez ◽

F.A. Rojo-Vázquez ◽

M. Martínez-Valladares

Keyword(s):

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Egg Hatch Assay

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Evaluation of the Egg Hatch Assay and the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay to detect anthelmintic resistance in cattle parasitic nematodes on farms

Parasitology International ◽

10.1016/j.parint.2012.06.003 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 614-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Janina Demeler ◽

Nina Kleinschmidt ◽

Ursula Küttler ◽

Regine Koopmann ◽

Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Inhibition Assay ◽

Migration Inhibition ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Larval Migration ◽

Egg Hatch Assay

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In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Benzimidazole and Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives in European Bison Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-vm:0015 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Laura CĂTANĂ ◽

Aurora URSACHE ◽

Alexandra PETCU ◽

Flavia PETREAN ◽

Raul CĂTANĂ

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Nematode Population ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

European Bison ◽

Egg Hatch ◽

Parasitic Resistance ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Egg Hatch Assay ◽

Inducing Resistance

The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic agents against intestinal nematodes found in European bison. It was performed between October 2016 and May 2017, using Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA). The parasites were obtained from faecal samples, harvested from bisons in Romania and Sweden. The efficacy of albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ) thiabendazole (TBZ) and pyrantel (PYR) was tested. In EHA, the maximum efficacy was observed in MBZ (EC50 = - 0.227 μg/ml), and then TBZ (EC50 = - 0.2228). ABZ had a weaker result, EC50 being 0.326 μg/ml. All tested benzimidazoles registered hatching percentages below 50%, reflecting the lack of parasitic resistance. MIC obtained in the LDA tests were 0.2144 μg/ml for TBZ, 0.2792 μg/ml for PYR, 0.5429 μg/ml for MBZ, while ABZ came last (MIC = 0.8187 μg/ml). The in vitro tests proved the antiparasitic molecules efficacy against bisons nematode population and a limited risk of inducing resistance phenomena.

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High frequency of benzimidazole resistance alleles in Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis from Austrian sheep flocks in an alpine transhumance management system

10.21203/rs.2.18014/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Hinney ◽

Julia Schoiswohl ◽

Lynsey Melville ◽

Vahel J. Ameen ◽

Walpurga Wille-Piazzai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Management System ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽

Benzimidazole Resistance ◽

Drug Classes ◽

New Treatment

Abstract Infections of small ruminants with trichostrongyloid nematodes often result in reduced productivity and may be detrimental to the host. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) against most anthelmintic drug classes is now widespread amongst the trichostrongyloids. Baseline establishment, followed by regular monitoring of the level of AR, is necessary for farmers and veterinarians to make informed decisions about parasite management. The detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is a sensitive method to detect AR against benzimidazoles (BZs), one of the most widely used anthelmintic classes. Alpine transhumance constitutes a special type of pasturing of sheep from many different farms, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of benzimidazole resistance alleles in this particular management system. Sixteen sheep flocks in Styria and Salzburg in Austria were examined by pyrosequencing for SNPs at codons 167, 198 and 200 of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene. The frequency of the resistance-associated mutation F200Y was 87–100% for H. contortus, 77–100% for T. colubriformis and <5–66% for T. circumcincta. Additionally, the F167Y polymorphism was detected in T. colubriformis from two farms at a frequency of 19% and 23% respectively. The high resistance allele frequency in H. contortus and T. colubriformis in the examined sheep population urgently calls for the development of new treatment strategies to sustainably control trichostrongyloid infections for this kind of pasturing, since the frequent mixing of flocks during the alpine summer grazing must be considered an important risk factor for the spread of resistant nematodes to a large number of farms.

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Body Condition Score for Monitoring the Performance and Health of Small Ruminants in Field Conditions

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab096.007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 5-6

Author(s):

Uma Karki ◽

Anand Tiwari ◽

Kendra Norwood ◽

Ja’Nia Johnson ◽

Lila B Karki

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Small Ruminant ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Live Weight ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Performance Variables ◽

Fecal Egg Count ◽

Meat Goats ◽

Condition Score

Abstract Frequent inspection and provision for necessary care are of prime importance for sustainable production and improving the wellbeing of small ruminants. Most small-ruminant farmers are small-scale, with limited resources, and do not have facilities needed for routine evaluation and intensive care of animals. The identification of a predictive variable of animal health and wellbeing would be useful for small ruminant management in field conditions. The objective of this study was to assess the relation of body condition score to other health parameters in meat goats and hair sheep. Performance data (live weight, body condition score (BCS – 1–5: 1- very thin, 5 - obese), and FAMACHA (a 5-color chart used to monitor anemic condition in small ruminants caused by barber pole worm; score - 1–5: 1–2- not anemic, 5 - extremely anemic) of meat goats (Kiko) and hair sheep (Katahdin and Katahdin-St. Croix cross) were collected from different grazing studies conducted from 2015 to 2020 (15) and similar data plus hoof condition (1–3: 1-good, no trimming required; 2 – trimming required; 3 – trimming and additional care required) collected from farmers’ field (6; animals in a herd/flock ranged from 15 to 65) in 2020 were used in this study. Data from each study and for each animal species were analyzed separately for correlation among the performance variables in SAS 9.4, with alpha value set at 0.05. Except for few data sets, correlations between BCS and FAMACHA were negative and significant (P < 0.05) with correlation coefficient (r) ranging from -0.18 to -0.64. BCS was positively correlated with live weight (P < 0.05, r = 0.15–0.76) in most of the studies. In one study, which also included fecal egg count for the quantification of gastrointestinal parasites along with other animal performance variables, BCS was negatively correlated with the total fecal egg count (P < 0.0001, r=-0.38). BCS showed negative correlation with hoof score in goats (P < 0.001, r=-0.33). Results show that BCS can be used as a predictor for small-ruminant health, especially in field conditions where other evaluation methods are not available.

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