Comparison of Reaction Time in Schizophrenic Patients and Normal People

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
A. Homayouni ◽  
G.A. Nikpour ◽  
A. Khanmohammadi ◽  
S.J. Mosavi Amiri
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Analysis Of Means ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Normal People ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Attention And Perception

Introduction and aim:Based on clinical observations individuals with schizophrenia have deficits in a large number of functional domains, including social skills, social cognition, difficulties in perceiving, understanding, anticipating and reacting to social cues and deficient in social networks that are crucial for normal social interaction. (Yager and Ehmann, 2006). Disturbances and disorders in the domains are thought to explain impairments in social functioning that potentially have an direct link to social behavior, social function and interaction with others. in this field and for better and more understanding about schizophrenia, the study aims to investigate reaction time to stimuli in the field of light and sound attention and perception in schizophrenic patients and comparison with normal people.Method:Method of the research is experimental. 30 schizophrenic subjects were randomly selected from three psychiatric hospitals and compared with 30 normal subjects. Chronoscope apparatus was used to assess reaction time to light and sound stimuli. the apparatus assesses the light and sound stimuli in 0/001 seconds. Independent T test was used to analyze and compare means of experiment group (schizophrenic subjects) with control group (normal subjects).Results:Analysis of means showed differences between groups. Normal subjects were much more rapid in reaction and responding to light and sound than schizophrenic subjects.Conclusion:Findings showed schizophrenic subjects because of their affective and emotional disorders and depressed temperament that caused to disorder in abilities and functions, cannot response rapid to light and sound than normal people.

The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznanski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

Gene Frequency of CYP2D6*4 and *10 Variants in Karachi Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamkeen Fatima ◽  
Farah Zeb ◽  
A. Dar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Metabolizer ◽  
Cyp2d6 Polymorphism ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Intermediate Metabolizer

Background: CYP2D6 is to be considered the most pronounced gene in pharmacegenetic field which is involved in metabolizing ~25% of all clinically used neuroleptic drugs and other antidepressants. We designed a study to evaluate differential expression of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 variants which are very prevalent in Asian countries and exhibit variation in drug metabolizing ability that affect therapeutic responses. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the genotypic frequencies of CYP2D6 *1 (normal metabolizer), *4 (poor metabolizer) and *10 (intermediate metabolizer) variants among schizophrenic subjects and compared with control group from a sub-set of Karachi population. Method: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) was extracted and amplified with CYP2D6*4 and *10 primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by Bacillus stereothermophilus (BstN1) and Hemophilus parahemolyticus (Hph1) restriction enzymes. The digested bands were identified as wild type or mutants and their genotypic frequencies were estimated statistically by Hardy-Weinberg equation (HWE) and analyzed further under non-parametric Chi-square test. Results: The results mentioned the frequencies of CYP2D6*1 wild allele (57%) which produces functional enzyme in normal subjects but CYP2D6*4 variant (9%) that produces non-functional enzyme and CYP2D6*10 allele (70%) produces altered enzyme with reduced activity that was most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion : Genotyping of CYP2D6 alleles among schizophrenic patients indicated prevalence of *4 and *10 variants in Karachi population producing non-functional and reduced functional drugs metabolizing enzymes respectively that increases the incurability rate of schizophrenia. Therefore, CYP2D6 gene screening program should be conducted routinely in clinical practice to help clinicians to prescribing appropriate doses according to patient’s genotype and minimize the sufferings of schizophrenia. Discussion: In last, drug response is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. CYP2D6 polymorphism may un-cured the schizophrenia due to improper drug metabolism and protein-proteins interaction that may alter the antipsychotic drugs metabolism among patients with variable drug resposes. Gene testing system need to establish for analyzing maximum patient’s genotypes predicted with poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and ultrarapid metabolizer for the adjustment of antipsychotic drugs.

Assessment of Brain Damage in a Geriatric Population through Use of a Visual-Searching Task

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-375
Author(s):  
Milton Turbiner ◽  
Robert M. Derman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Derived Data ◽  
The Brain

This study was designed to assess the discriminative capacity of a visual-searching task for brain damage, as described by Goldstein and Kyc (1978) , for 10 hospitalized male, brain-damaged patients, 10 hospitalized male schizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects in a control group, all of whom were approximately 65 yr. old. The derived data indicated, at a statistically significant level, that the visual-searching task was effective in successfully classifying 80% of the brain-damaged sample when compared to the schizophrenic patients and discriminating 90% of the brain-damaged patients from normal subjects.

scholarly journals Comparison of Intelligence Quotient of Schizophrenic Patients with those of Normal Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
JB Khatri ◽  
BK Goit ◽  
A Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Mean

An intelligence deficit in schizophrenia is common and is associated with relapse and occupational impairment. The study aims to examine the intelligence quotient of schizophrenic patients and to compare with those of general population. This was a case control study where 30 adult schizophrenic patients between 15 to 45 years were enrolled from the inpatient and outpatient Psychiatry Department of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. For control group, 30 normal subjects were enrolled from the general population matched with case group. The intelligence quotients were assessed by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The prevalence of intelligence deficit was 76.7% in the schizophrenic patients. The mean intelligence quotient was 84.80 with standard deviation of 6.53 in patients with schizophrenia. The intelligence quotient was average or above average in all the general populations. The mean intelligence quotient was 110.63 with standard deviation of 8.74 in the general population. The study concluded that the schizophrenic patients performed poorer in intelligence quotient than the general population

The Diagnostic Significance of Overinclusive Thinking in an Unselected Psychiatric Population

1972 ◽  
Vol 120 (555) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Payne ◽  
D. V. Hawks ◽  
D. Friedlander ◽  
D. S. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sorting Test

Cameron (1938, 1939) suggested that schizophrenic thought disorder is largely the result of overinclusive thinking, which he defined as the inability to preserve conceptual boundaries. Payne, Matussek and George (1959) developed a battery of objective measures of overinclusive thinking, which they found differentiated between an acute schizophrenic and a neurotic control group. Payne and Hewlett (1960) found that a battery of tests of overinclusive thinking intercorrelated as expected. They were able to obtain a factor score from their overinclusion test battery which differentiated a group of acute schizophrenic patients from control groups of depressives, neurotics and normal subjects. Payne and Friedlander (1962), on the basis of this factorial study, suggested a short battery of three measures of overinclusive thinking consisting of the number of ‘Non-A’ or unusual responses to the Object Classification Test (Payne, 1962), the average number of words used in explaining the Benjamin Proverbs given under special 'stress free’ instructions, and the average number of objects classified together in the ‘handing over’ section of the Goldstein-Scheerer Object Sorting Test. This standard test battery has been the operational definition of overinclusive thinking in a number of studies. Only one study of the reliability of this test battery appears to have been carried out. Hawks and Payne (1971) report the correlations obtained from a group of 54 psychiatric inpatients who were retested after a 4-day interval. The test-retest correlation coefficient (uncorrected) obtained from the Combined Transformed score (Payne and Friedlander, 1962) was 0 · 87. The reliabilities of the individual tests ranged from 0·77 to 0·86.

Preliminary Investigations of the Effects of Sernyl upon Cognitive and Sensory Processes

1961 ◽  
Vol 107 (448) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Beech ◽  
Brian M. Davies ◽  
F. S. Morgenstern
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Anaesthetic Practice ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Psychiatric Disturbances ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Mental Disturbances ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
Psychotomimetic Effects

In a previous paper, Davies and Beech (4) presented data obtained from both clinical observations and psychological tests on normal subjects under the influence of Sernyl. In that paper an account was given of the chemical constitution and action of the drug. It is not necessary to say more here than that this compound is a synthetic cyclohexylamine derivative that was introduced into anaesthetic practice because of its ability to produce analgesia without loss of consciousness. It appears to act mainly at the thalamic level and produces changes in the reception of sensory stimuli. Post-operatively, however, psychiatric disturbances were common and the use of the drug in anaesthetic practice was curtailed. Our interest in Sernyl has centred upon its psychotomimetic effects and its possible mode of action. It has, in fact, been suggested that normal individuals under the influence of Sernyl behave, in some respects, like schizophrenic patients and that this similarity is most striking in the case of thinking processes. In the further investigation of the effects of this drug it was therefore decided to test the hypothesis that Sernyl produces mental disturbances which are characteristic of thought-disordered schizophrenics.

Paranoid and Withdrawal Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Reaction Time

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (514) ◽  
pp. 1161-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon C. Goldberg ◽  
Nina R. Schooler ◽  
Nils Mattsson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
General Measure ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenics ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

There is a large body of research that has established change in reaction time as one of the major psychological performance deficits in schizophrenia (Shakow, 1963). In addition to consistent differences between patients and normals, relationships have been reported (Rosenthal, Lawlor, Zahn and Shakow, 1960) between general severity of illness and reaction time within a group of chronic schizophrenics. More recently, Zahn and Rosenthal (1963) have shown that acute schizophrenics also perform deficiently in reaction time; they hold an intermediate position between normal subjects and chronic schizophrenic patients. Shakow (1963) reports that in some of the earlier work with chronic patients “paranoids” tended to show little, if any, reaction time deficit, but that it was the hebephrenic patients who performed poorly. Thus it seems unlikely that reaction time is a general measure of deficit in schizophrenia, since available evidence shows it to be related to chronicity (in terms of duration of illness), general severity of illness, and schizophrenic subtype. The deficit reflected in reaction time has been characterized by Shakow (1963) in terms of associative interference. That is, the schizophrenic is distracted by “irrelevant aspects of the stimulus surroundings—inner and outer—which prevent his focusing on the ‘to-be-responded-to’ stimulus”.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Association of FOLH1 rs61886494 and DISC1 rs12133766 loci in Iranian Schizophrenia Patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Azizi Parisa ◽  
Azizi Faryal ◽  
Nemati Fahimeh
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Normal People ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Background: The aim of this study was to identification of polymorphisms of FOLH1 and DISC1 genes in Iranian patients with schizophrenia. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 50 patients with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls were evaluated. PCR-RFLP and Tetra-ARMS method used for detection of FOLH1 and DISC1 gene respectively in both of patients and control groups. Results: The frequency of CC, CT, and TT genotypes for FOLH1 gene in rs61886494 locus in schizophrenic patients was 92%, 8%, and 0%, respectively, and in healthy subjects, 94%, 0%, and 6%, respectively. The frequency of DISC gene in GG genotype was higher than that of normal people and frequency of GA genotype was lower than normal subjects. In addition, the genotype AA was identified only in patients. Conclusion: For FOLH1 gene in rs61886494 locus, the frequency of CC and TT genotypes in patients was 2% and 6% lower in healthy people, while CT genotype in patients was 8% higher in healthy people. Interestingly, TT genotype was not observed in patients and CT genotype in healthy people was not observed. Regarding the DISC1 gene, the results showed that the frequency of homozygous GG and GA homozygote genotypes in the patients was higher in the rs12133766 locus, while the heterozygote GA was high in healthy subjects and was not observed in patients. Therefore, the result of this study in our country can provide suitable method for diagnosis and prevention of schizophrenia patients.

Choice of Comparison Group and Findings of Computerised Tomography in Schizophrenia

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey N. Smith ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Margaret Moreau ◽  
Karen Tallman ◽  
Morton Beiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Medical Patient ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Group

The literature indicates that whether or not schizophrenic patients are reported to have significant lateral ventricular enlargement depends on control, and not schizophrenic-group values. This discrepancy does not result from differences in age, the ratio of males to females, the number of control subjects used in each study, or whether control groups are comprised of normal subjects or medical patients. However, medical-patient controls tend to have smaller ventricles than do normal individuals. Thus, we assessed lateral-and third-ventricle size and the degree of cortical atrophy in 30 normal volunteers, 30 medical patients, and 30 chronic schizophrenic patients. The use of a medical control group seemed to result in underestimates of ventricle and sulcal size in the normal population and, therefore, overestimates of these values in schizophrenic groups.

scholarly journals Cognitive Function during Moderate Hypoxaemia

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Noble ◽  
J. G. Jones ◽  
E. J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Psychomotor Performance ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Time Test ◽  
Reaction Time Test ◽  
Orientation Test

The effect of hypoxaemia (mean SpO2 78%) on cognitive function was measured in two groups of twelve normal subjects. A series of psychometric tests was administered to each subject in the same sequence and consisted of the Reitan trail-making test, a digit symbol substitution test, a visuospatial orientation test and the simple unprepared reaction-time test. Psychomotor performance was assessed in a double-blind manner while the subjects were breathing first air and then either air or a hypoxic mixture. While there was improvement in time for the trail-making test during a repeat study breathing air, there was significant deterioration of time to completion of the test in conditions of hypoxia. A significant learning effect in the orientation test was seen in the control group but this did not occur in hypoxic subjects. Hypoxaemia was shown to cause a significant impairment of simple unprepared reaction time compared with controls. All the changes in cognitive function were small and there were no subjective differences in the air or hypoxic groups. The usefulness of the Reitan trail-making and the simple unprepared reaction-time test in the assessment of psychomotor performance deficit under conditions of hypoxaemia has been demonstrated by this study in normal subjects. It was concluded that a mean oxygen saturation of 78% caused only minor changes in cognitive function in normal subjects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document