scholarly journals Comparison of Intelligence Quotient of Schizophrenic Patients with those of Normal Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
JB Khatri ◽  
BK Goit ◽  
A Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Mean

An intelligence deficit in schizophrenia is common and is associated with relapse and occupational impairment. The study aims to examine the intelligence quotient of schizophrenic patients and to compare with those of general population. This was a case control study where 30 adult schizophrenic patients between 15 to 45 years were enrolled from the inpatient and outpatient Psychiatry Department of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. For control group, 30 normal subjects were enrolled from the general population matched with case group. The intelligence quotients were assessed by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The prevalence of intelligence deficit was 76.7% in the schizophrenic patients. The mean intelligence quotient was 84.80 with standard deviation of 6.53 in patients with schizophrenia. The intelligence quotient was average or above average in all the general populations. The mean intelligence quotient was 110.63 with standard deviation of 8.74 in the general population. The study concluded that the schizophrenic patients performed poorer in intelligence quotient than the general population

scholarly journals A morphology and histological study of placenta in normal and diabetic pregnancies

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1778
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Tandon ◽  
Durgesh Singh ◽  
Parmatma Prasad Mishra ◽  
Anshu Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Random Blood Sugar ◽  
The Mean

Background: The placenta is a vital organ for developing foetus, and it is also the most accessible organ of human body, pregnancy in a diabetogenic state by virtue of various physiological changes which cause insulin resistance. In normal pregnancy, glucose tolerance decreases by third trimester, though plasma levels of insulin increase. Aim was to study comparison of placenta of normal pregnancy with placenta of diabetic pregnancy and it the possible outcome of pregnancy.Methods: The present study was case-control and conducted on cases of 50 Specimens of placenta with intact umbilical cord were collected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.Results: Variation in the shape and weight of the placenta were observed. The mean placenta weight in control group was found to be 452.80 grams with standard deviation 140.93 grams while in the case group; it was 406.00 grams with standard deviation of 210.31 grams. The random blood sugar of mother in control group was significantly higher than cases (t=2.91, p<0.01).Conclusions: The present study shown that there was a tendency of increase in placental weight and weight of new born in complicated pregnancies as compared to the normal pregnancies. This indicated the earlier diagnosis and strict to treatment plan in diabetic pregnancies.

Choice of Comparison Group and Findings of Computerised Tomography in Schizophrenia

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey N. Smith ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Margaret Moreau ◽  
Karen Tallman ◽  
Morton Beiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Medical Patient ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Group

The literature indicates that whether or not schizophrenic patients are reported to have significant lateral ventricular enlargement depends on control, and not schizophrenic-group values. This discrepancy does not result from differences in age, the ratio of males to females, the number of control subjects used in each study, or whether control groups are comprised of normal subjects or medical patients. However, medical-patient controls tend to have smaller ventricles than do normal individuals. Thus, we assessed lateral-and third-ventricle size and the degree of cortical atrophy in 30 normal volunteers, 30 medical patients, and 30 chronic schizophrenic patients. The use of a medical control group seemed to result in underestimates of ventricle and sulcal size in the normal population and, therefore, overestimates of these values in schizophrenic groups.

The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznanski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

Gene Frequency of CYP2D6*4 and *10 Variants in Karachi Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamkeen Fatima ◽  
Farah Zeb ◽  
A. Dar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Metabolizer ◽  
Cyp2d6 Polymorphism ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Intermediate Metabolizer

Background: CYP2D6 is to be considered the most pronounced gene in pharmacegenetic field which is involved in metabolizing ~25% of all clinically used neuroleptic drugs and other antidepressants. We designed a study to evaluate differential expression of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 variants which are very prevalent in Asian countries and exhibit variation in drug metabolizing ability that affect therapeutic responses. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the genotypic frequencies of CYP2D6 *1 (normal metabolizer), *4 (poor metabolizer) and *10 (intermediate metabolizer) variants among schizophrenic subjects and compared with control group from a sub-set of Karachi population. Method: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) was extracted and amplified with CYP2D6*4 and *10 primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by Bacillus stereothermophilus (BstN1) and Hemophilus parahemolyticus (Hph1) restriction enzymes. The digested bands were identified as wild type or mutants and their genotypic frequencies were estimated statistically by Hardy-Weinberg equation (HWE) and analyzed further under non-parametric Chi-square test. Results: The results mentioned the frequencies of CYP2D6*1 wild allele (57%) which produces functional enzyme in normal subjects but CYP2D6*4 variant (9%) that produces non-functional enzyme and CYP2D6*10 allele (70%) produces altered enzyme with reduced activity that was most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion : Genotyping of CYP2D6 alleles among schizophrenic patients indicated prevalence of *4 and *10 variants in Karachi population producing non-functional and reduced functional drugs metabolizing enzymes respectively that increases the incurability rate of schizophrenia. Therefore, CYP2D6 gene screening program should be conducted routinely in clinical practice to help clinicians to prescribing appropriate doses according to patient’s genotype and minimize the sufferings of schizophrenia. Discussion: In last, drug response is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. CYP2D6 polymorphism may un-cured the schizophrenia due to improper drug metabolism and protein-proteins interaction that may alter the antipsychotic drugs metabolism among patients with variable drug resposes. Gene testing system need to establish for analyzing maximum patient’s genotypes predicted with poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and ultrarapid metabolizer for the adjustment of antipsychotic drugs.

scholarly journals Hepatic steatosis: a risk factor for increased COVID-19 prevalence and severity—a computed tomography study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Ali ◽  
Mona Hasan ◽  
Shaimaa Hamed ◽  
Amir Elhamy
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Liver Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
World Population ◽  
Positive Class ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Around 25% of the world population was affected by the metabolic-related fatty liver disorder. Hepatic steatosis is frequently observed in conjunction with hypertension, obesity comorbidities, and diabetes. We evaluate the hepatic steatosis frequency found in chest CT exams of COVID-19-positive cases compared to non-infected controls and evaluate the related increased prevalence and severity of COVID. Results Our research includes 355 subjects, 158 with positive PCR for COVID-19 (case group) and 197 with negative PCR and negative CT chest (control group). The mean age in the positive group was 50.6 ± 16 years, and in the control, it was 41.3 ± 16 years (p < 0.001). Our study consists of 321 men (90.5%) and 34 women (9.5%). The number of males in both cases and control groups was greater. In the case group, 93% men vs. 6.9% women, while in controls, 88.3% men vs.11.6% women, p < 0.001. CT revealed normal results in 55.5% of individuals (i.e., CORADs 1) and abnormal findings in 45.5% of participants (i.e., CORADs 2–5). In abnormal scan, CO-RADs 2 was 13.92%, while CO-RADs 3–4 were 20.89% of cases. CO-RADs 5 comprised 65.19% of all cases. Approximately 42.6% of cases had severe disease (CT score ≥ 20), all of them were CO-RADs 5. The PCR-positive class had a greater prevalence of hepatic steatosis than controls (28.5% vs.12.2%, p < 0.001). CO-RADs 2 represented 11.1%, CO-RADs 3–4 represented 15.6%, and CO-RADs 5 represented 73.3% in the hepatic steatosis cases. The mean hepatic attenuation value in the case group was 46.79 ± 12.68 and in the control group 53.34 ± 10.28 (p < 0.001). When comparing patients with a higher severity score (CT score ≥ 20) to those with non-severe pneumonia, it was discovered that hepatic steatosis is more prevalent (73.2% vs. 26.8%). Conclusions Steatosis was shown to be substantially more prevalent in COVID-19-positive individuals. There is a relation among metabolic syndrome, steatosis of the liver, and obesity, as well as the COVID-19 severity.

scholarly journals Autistic traits in offspring of schizophrenic patients in comparison to those of normal population: a case-control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimaa Ibrahim Amin ◽  
Ghada Mohamed Salah EL-Deen
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cutoff Point ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Autism Quotient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Abstract Background Autism is not a discreet condition and those families members with autistic propend are more likely to display autistic symptoms with a wide range of severity, even below the threshold for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Even with a parental history of schizophrenia, the likelihood of autistic spectrum disorder was found to be 3-fold greater. The aim of this study is to assess autistic traits among offspring of schizophrenic patients in the age group from 4 to 11 years and compare it in the offspring of normal individuals, and its association with the sociodemographic data. To determine whether schizophrenic parents are a risk factor to autistic traits in their children. Results There was a statistically significant (P < 0.05*) increase in Autism Quotient Child scores of the case group where 47.2% had a score equal or more than the cutoff point (76), while only 17 19.4% of the control group had the same score with odds = 3.71 indicating that children of schizophrenic parents 18 were three times likely to have Autism Quotient-Child score greater than or equal to the cutoff point (76) than 19 children of healthy parents. No statistically significant association (P ≥ 0.05) was found between all 20 sociodemographic characteristics and Autism Quotient-Child scores among the case group except for family 21 income and social class where there was a statistically significant association (P < 0.05) between insufficient income 22 and low social class and higher Autism Quotient-Child score (≥ 76). Conclusions Children of schizophrenic parents are at high risk to have autistic traits than children of normal parents.

scholarly journals Early Neuromuscular Blockade in Children with Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 201-206
Author(s):  
Surabhi Chandra ◽  
Sahil Goel ◽  
Ritika Dawra
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Neuromuscular Blockade ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

AbstractPediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is a challenging problem with high mortality. Role of neuromuscular blockade in the management of ARDS to date has been controversial, and this study was done to study the role of neuromuscular blockade in children having PARDS and development of associated complications, if any. This was a prospective, case–control study conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital, over a period of 24 months. Patients of age 1 to 18 years who presented with or developed PARDS during their course of hospitalization were included after written informed consent was obtained from their parents and/or guardians. Patients with PARDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were partitioned into a case group and a control group. Case group patients were sedated and paralyzed using midazolam (1 µg/kg/min) and vecuronium (1 µg/kg/min), respectively, along with institution of definitive management. Control group patients were given definitive and supportive therapy, but no neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs). All patients were followed up for signs and symptoms of myopathy or neuropathy during the entire duration of hospital stay and up to 3 months after discharge. During the study period, 613 patients were admitted to the PICU of which 91 patients qualified as having PARDS. Sepsis was the main etiology in 67 of the 91 patients (73.6%) with PARDS. Fifty-nine patients were included in the study, of which 29 patients were included in the case group and 30 patients were included in the control group. Among the 29 case group patients, 25 patients (86.2%) were successfully extubated. Four patients from the case group expired, while 14 out of 30 control group patients (46.7%) expired. Hypotension was present in 26 case group patients (89.6%), of which all showed resolution within 48 hours of definitive treatment. The mean time to resolution of hypotension was 41.6 hours (standard deviation [SD]: 5.759; range: 24–48) for case group patients, significantly lower (p < 0.0001) than the mean time to resolution of 103 hours (SD: 18.995; range: 90–126) for the 10 control group patients with hypotension that survived. Mean oxygenation index (OI) following 48 hours of vecuronium therapy was significantly lower (p < 0.0001; 95% confidence interval: 5.9129–9.9671) than mean OI at admission for case group patients. None of the patients receiving vecuronium exhibited neuromuscular deficit during their hospital stay, at time of discharge, or at follow-up evaluation up to 3 months after discharge. In this study, pediatric cases diagnosed with PARDS and managed with mechanical ventilation and vecuronium therapy had improved mean OI following 48 hours of NMBA therapy and a lower mortality when compared with matched control group patients. Incidence of NMBA-related weakness was not commonly observed in these patients.

scholarly journals Association of Serum Homocysteine Level with Migraine in Adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
Md Monirul Islam ◽  
Md Ahsan Habib ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Hasan Zahirur Rahman ◽  
Abu Nasir Rizvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Migraine With Aura ◽  
Homocysteine Level ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Headache Disorder ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Serum Homocysteine ◽  
The Mean

Background: Migraine is the second most common primary headache disorder that has close link to the neurovascular system. The exact pathogenesis of migraine is still not fully understood but several possible theories have been proposed. Hyperhomocysteinemia is one of the coincidental factors whose association with migraine is yet in obscure. Methods: This case control study was conducted in the department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka. A total of 65 patients, who were diagnosed as migraine (with aura or without aura) according to ICHD-3 criteria, were considered as case group and another 65 patients (age and sex matched) with headache other than migraine were considered as control group. Serum homocysteine levels were estimated for both groups and other relevant investigations were done in selective cases. Comparison of serum homocysteine levels between two groups were done to see association of serum homocysteine level with migraine in adults. Results: A total of 50 women and 15 men with mean age of 31 (±10.41) years and 50 women and 15 men with mean age of 33 (±10.91) years constituted case and control groups, respectively. The mean (±SD) serum homocysteine level in case group 10.71 (±4.16) ìmol/L was significantly higher than control group 7.62 (±2.26) ìmol/L, (P <0.001).The mean value of serum homocysteine level in migraine without aura (MWOA) patients 11.87 (±4.18) ìmol/L was found significantly higher than migraine with aura (MWA) patients 8.23 (±1.51) ìmol/L, (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between severity of migraine headache and frequency of migraine attack with serum homocysteine level. Conclusion: Serum homocysteine level was found significantly higher in migraineurs than non-migraineurs. Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2017; Vol. 33 (2): 76-82

scholarly journals The Effects of Chemical Disinfection on Dimensional Stability among Different Type of Impression Addition Silicon Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 645-649
Author(s):  
Salah A. Yousief ◽  
Khames T. Alzahrani ◽  
Suha M. Alhuwairini ◽  
Fai Y. Alharbi ◽  
Dalal A. Eissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Impression Material ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Master Model ◽  
The Cross

Introduction: Saliva and blood contaminated impressions are often a source of cross contamination between the clinic and dental laboratory. Explicit communication and observance of an infection control protocol for handling of dental impressions must exist among the office staff as well as between office and dental laboratories. Though disinfection of impression is routinely followed, autoclaving elastomeric impression is an effective method of sterilization them. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a new addition silicon impression material after disinfection. Methods: In this study, a total of twenty impressions for the master model using heat resistant plastic stock trays. The twenty impressions were divided into two groups according to disinfection technique: (Table 2) Group 1: (n=10) Control group, untreated impressions. (C.G) Group 2: (n=10) Impressions were chemically disinfected. (D.G). after all impressions treatment, they were poured with extra hard stone (type IV) to get stone casts. Dimensional accuracy and detail reproduction of the impression material were evaluated indirectly through the recovered improved stone casts from impressions of the master model using the travelling microscope. Results: Cross arch distance (A): Epoxy resin master model cross arch distance measurement (A) was (41.36 mm). 1.1 Measurements of the cross-arch distance of stone casts Control group (C.G): The mean and standard deviation values of distance (A) in stone models obtained from C.G. were 41.553 ± 0.170 mm. Disinfection group (D.G): The mean and standard deviation values of distance (A) in stone models obtained from D.G were 41.368 ± 0.083 mm. ANOVA test showed that there was a statistically difference shrinkage between the groups (P-value = 0.006). 1.2 Measurement of the dimensional changes in the cross-arch distance of the different groups. The mean and standard deviation values of cross arch distance changes in stone models of C.G. were 0.191 ± 0.170 mm. while dimensional changes in stone models obtained from D.G. were 0.006 ± 0.082 mm. Conclusion: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dimensional stability and detail reproduction of a new addition silicon impression material after disinfection. In this study an epoxy resin master model was duplicated from a modified dentate mandibular model. Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that Chemical disinfectant of polyvinyl siloxane impression material can be successfully used in making fixed partial dentures.

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