Choice of Comparison Group and Findings of Computerised Tomography in Schizophrenia

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey N. Smith ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
Margaret Moreau ◽  
Karen Tallman ◽  
Morton Beiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Population ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Medical Patient ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Group

The literature indicates that whether or not schizophrenic patients are reported to have significant lateral ventricular enlargement depends on control, and not schizophrenic-group values. This discrepancy does not result from differences in age, the ratio of males to females, the number of control subjects used in each study, or whether control groups are comprised of normal subjects or medical patients. However, medical-patient controls tend to have smaller ventricles than do normal individuals. Thus, we assessed lateral-and third-ventricle size and the degree of cortical atrophy in 30 normal volunteers, 30 medical patients, and 30 chronic schizophrenic patients. The use of a medical control group seemed to result in underestimates of ventricle and sulcal size in the normal population and, therefore, overestimates of these values in schizophrenic groups.

scholarly journals Comparison of Intelligence Quotient of Schizophrenic Patients with those of Normal Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
JB Khatri ◽  
BK Goit ◽  
A Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Mean

An intelligence deficit in schizophrenia is common and is associated with relapse and occupational impairment. The study aims to examine the intelligence quotient of schizophrenic patients and to compare with those of general population. This was a case control study where 30 adult schizophrenic patients between 15 to 45 years were enrolled from the inpatient and outpatient Psychiatry Department of Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. For control group, 30 normal subjects were enrolled from the general population matched with case group. The intelligence quotients were assessed by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The prevalence of intelligence deficit was 76.7% in the schizophrenic patients. The mean intelligence quotient was 84.80 with standard deviation of 6.53 in patients with schizophrenia. The intelligence quotient was average or above average in all the general populations. The mean intelligence quotient was 110.63 with standard deviation of 8.74 in the general population. The study concluded that the schizophrenic patients performed poorer in intelligence quotient than the general population

The self and schizophrenia: a cognitive approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Nieznanski
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Persons With Schizophrenia ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Trait Words ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Normal Controls

The aim of the study was to explore the basic features of self-schema in persons with schizophrenia. Thirty two schizophrenic patients and 32 normal controls were asked to select personality trait words from a check-list that described themselves, themselves as they were five years ago, and what most people are like. Compared with the control group, participants from the experimental group chose significantly more adjectives that were common to descriptions of self and others, and significantly less that were common to self and past-self descriptions. These results suggest that schizophrenic patients experience their personality as changing over time much more than do healthy subjects. Moreover, their self-representation seems to be less differentiated from others-representation and less clearly defined than in normal subjects.

Gene Frequency of CYP2D6*4 and *10 Variants in Karachi Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamkeen Fatima ◽  
Farah Zeb ◽  
A. Dar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Metabolizer ◽  
Cyp2d6 Polymorphism ◽  
Wild Allele ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Intermediate Metabolizer

Background: CYP2D6 is to be considered the most pronounced gene in pharmacegenetic field which is involved in metabolizing ~25% of all clinically used neuroleptic drugs and other antidepressants. We designed a study to evaluate differential expression of CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10 variants which are very prevalent in Asian countries and exhibit variation in drug metabolizing ability that affect therapeutic responses. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the genotypic frequencies of CYP2D6 *1 (normal metabolizer), *4 (poor metabolizer) and *10 (intermediate metabolizer) variants among schizophrenic subjects and compared with control group from a sub-set of Karachi population. Method: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA ) was extracted and amplified with CYP2D6*4 and *10 primers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested by Bacillus stereothermophilus (BstN1) and Hemophilus parahemolyticus (Hph1) restriction enzymes. The digested bands were identified as wild type or mutants and their genotypic frequencies were estimated statistically by Hardy-Weinberg equation (HWE) and analyzed further under non-parametric Chi-square test. Results: The results mentioned the frequencies of CYP2D6*1 wild allele (57%) which produces functional enzyme in normal subjects but CYP2D6*4 variant (9%) that produces non-functional enzyme and CYP2D6*10 allele (70%) produces altered enzyme with reduced activity that was most prevalent in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion : Genotyping of CYP2D6 alleles among schizophrenic patients indicated prevalence of *4 and *10 variants in Karachi population producing non-functional and reduced functional drugs metabolizing enzymes respectively that increases the incurability rate of schizophrenia. Therefore, CYP2D6 gene screening program should be conducted routinely in clinical practice to help clinicians to prescribing appropriate doses according to patient’s genotype and minimize the sufferings of schizophrenia. Discussion: In last, drug response is a complex phenomenon that is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. CYP2D6 polymorphism may un-cured the schizophrenia due to improper drug metabolism and protein-proteins interaction that may alter the antipsychotic drugs metabolism among patients with variable drug resposes. Gene testing system need to establish for analyzing maximum patient’s genotypes predicted with poor metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and ultrarapid metabolizer for the adjustment of antipsychotic drugs.

Express Saccades and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Function in Schizophrenic, Affective Disorder, and Normal Subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne B. Sereno ◽  
Philip S. Holzman
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Saccadic Response ◽  
Group A ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Movement Function ◽  
Normal Controls

Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements were recorded in three groups of subjects: a schizophrenic group, a non-schizophrenic psychotic patient comparison group, and a normal control group. Schizophrenic subjects demonstrated a greater decrease in saccadic response time than did normal controls in a gap task (when the fixation point was turned off 150 msec before the target appeared). The psychiatric comparison subjects did not differ from normal controls. Further, only schizophrenic subjects demonstrated a relation between smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movement performance, such that subjects with impaired smooth pursuit showed a larger decrease in saccadic response time in the gap task. The relation between performance on the gap task and quality of smooth pursuit and its relevance for a prefrontal deficit hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.

Activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in schizophrenic and manic-depressive patients.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Abdalla ◽  
H P Monteiro ◽  
J A Oliveira ◽  
E J Bechara
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Active Oxygen Species ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Neuroleptic Drugs ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Psychiatric Manifestations ◽  
Depressive Patients

Abstract Activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in erythrocytes were evaluated in 50 schizophrenic and 20 manic-depressive patients, who were or were not being treated with different neuroleptic drugs, and results were compared with those for 58 normal individuals. Neuroleptic-treated and untreated schizophrenic patients showed similar activities of superoxide dismutase, about 60% higher than those found in normal individuals (p less than 0.001). In manic-depressive patients treated with either lithium (n = 8) or lithium plus neuroleptic drugs (n = 12), superoxide dismutase activities were increased by about 40% over those of normal subjects (p less than 0.001). Significantly abnormal activities of glutathione peroxidase were found only in the sub-group of schizophrenic women. These results are interpreted in terms of active oxygen species involvement in the psychiatric manifestations.

A Cephalometric Evaluation of Lower Lip in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ufuk Toygar ◽  
M. Okan Akçam ◽  
Ayça Arman
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Class I ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate cephalometrically the lower lip position and area of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) comparatively with Class I skeletodental normal subjects. Patients Lateral cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs obtained from 24 patients with UCLP (mean age 12.86 years), along with 20 normal individuals (mean age 12.33 years) used as a control group, were examined. Design In addition to standard cephalometric dentofacial variables, lower lip area (superior, middle, inferior) was also measured using a digital planimeter on the lateral cephalograms. Results The superior and middle part of the lower lip areas were significantly smaller (p < .05) in the UCLP group, compared to the control group. The inferior and total lower lip areas of patients with UCLP were found to be significantly smaller than controls. The labiomental angle was also smaller (38.79 degrees). Conclusions The results suggest that the lower lip of patients with UCLP is smaller, retruded, and curved, with a deep labiomental sulcus, compared with normal individuals during puberty. Therefore, practitioners should focus not only on the upper lip of patients with UCLP but also should consider the lower lip as it was found distinct from normal individuals during puberty.

Assessment of Brain Damage in a Geriatric Population through Use of a Visual-Searching Task

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-375
Author(s):  
Milton Turbiner ◽  
Robert M. Derman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Derived Data ◽  
The Brain

This study was designed to assess the discriminative capacity of a visual-searching task for brain damage, as described by Goldstein and Kyc (1978) , for 10 hospitalized male, brain-damaged patients, 10 hospitalized male schizophrenic patients, and 10 normal subjects in a control group, all of whom were approximately 65 yr. old. The derived data indicated, at a statistically significant level, that the visual-searching task was effective in successfully classifying 80% of the brain-damaged sample when compared to the schizophrenic patients and discriminating 90% of the brain-damaged patients from normal subjects.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in the CSF of Schizophrenic Patients Before and After Neuroleptic Treatment

1978 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lichtshtein ◽  
J. Dobkin ◽  
R. P. Ebstein ◽  
J. Biederman ◽  
R. Rimon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Decline ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Neuroleptic Treatment ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Drug Free

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the CSF were measured in 9 normal individuals, 17 drug-free schizophrenic patients and 10 of these same schizophrenic patients after neuroleptic treatment. There was no significant difference between CSF level of GABA in the control group compared to those in schizophrenic patients; however, 6 of the 7 lowest GABA levels were from schizophrenic patients. There was a significant decline of 12 per cent in mean GABA levels in the CSF after a mean of two months of neuroleptic treatment.

A Comparison of Jaw Muscle Cross-sections of Long-face and Normal Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.H. Van Spronsen ◽  
W.A. Weijs ◽  
J. Valk ◽  
B. Prahl-Andersen ◽  
F.C. Van Ginkel
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Jaw Muscles ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Face Height ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Normal Adults

Long-face subjects have smaller maximum molar bite forces than do normal individuals. This has been attributed both to differences in moment arms and size of the jaw muscles. In this study, a comparison was made between the mid-belly cross-sectional areas of the jaw muscles of 13 long-face and 35 normal adults by means of serial MRI scans. The subjects were selected on the basis of anterior lower face height as a percentage of anterior total face height. These and other cephalometric variables were measured from lateral radiographs. In the long-face group, the cross-sectional areas of the masseter, medial pterygoid, and anterior temporal muscles were, respectively, 30%, 22%, and 15% smaller than in the control group. By a discriminant analysis and a multivariate analysis of variance, these differences were found to be significant (p < 0.001). The findings of this study hint that differences in the sizes of the jaw muscles of long-face and normal subjects might explain, in part, the observed differences in maximum molar bite force.

scholarly journals DETERMINING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DERMATOGLYPHICS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA BY USING FINGERPRINT ASYMMETRY MEASURES

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 601-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEN-FENG WANG ◽  
CHEN-LIANG LIN ◽  
CHEN-WEN YEN ◽  
YUNG-HSIEN CHANG ◽  
TENG-YI CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fingerprint Matching ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Orientation Field ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Asymmetry Measures ◽  
And Control

Early detection and intervention strategies for schizophrenia are receiving increasingly more attention. Dermatoglyphic patterns, such as the degree of asymmetry of the fingerprints, have been hypothesized to be indirect measures for early abnormal developmental processes that can lead to later psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. However, previous results have been inconsistent in trying to establish the association between dermatoglyphics and schizophrenia. The goal of this work is to try to resolve this problem by borrowing well-developed techniques from the field of fingerprint matching. Two dermatoglyphic asymmetry measures are proposed that draw on the orientation field of homologous fingers. To test the capability of these measures, fingerprint images were acquired digitally from 40 schizophrenic patients and 51 normal individuals. Based on these images, no statistically significant association between conventional dermatoglyphic asymmetry measures and schizophrenia was found. In contrast, the sample means of the proposed measures consistently identified the patient group as having a higher degree of asymmetry than the control group. These results suggest that the proposed measures are promising for detecting the dermatoglyphic patterns that can differentiate the patient and control groups.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document