Kurdish Politics in Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Hassaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
State Relations

Reflecting on seven decades of the Iranian Kurdish movement, this book offers a comprehensive and critical analysis of the politicisation of national sentiments within Iran, and the connections the movement made and developed with Kurdish groups in Iraq. Looking at Kurdish-state relations through events taking place across remote, rural and urban areas in Kurdistan, Allan Hassaniyan analyses nationalist as well as non-nationalist aspects of Kurdish politics and history, reading the evolution of Kurdish nationalism through analysing crossborder Kurdish interaction. Paying particular attention to movement mobilisation and different aspects of the collective actions and insurgency deployed by actors, civil society organisations and the political parties of Iranian Kurds during different phases of the movement, Hassaniyan demonstrates how the ethnonationalist movement of the Iranian Kurds was a product of a discriminatory policy pursued by changing Iranian regimes toward non-Persian and non-Shiite communities in the country, particularly in the second half of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Mobile Communication, Popular Protests and Citizenship in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 995-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUN LIU
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Political ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

AbstractDigital telecommunication technology has expanded the potential of the mobile phone to be used increasingly as a weapon against authoritarian rule and censorship. Since the content of mobile communication is unpredictable and unregulated, mobile phones have the capability to breach state-sponsored blockage of information. This in turn helps the Chinese people to maintain contact with each other, receive information from outside the country, and make political waves in an aggressive battle for control over information. This paper examines spontaneous mobilization via mobile phones, with a focus on two concrete popular protests in rural and urban areas, demonstrating how Chinese citizens have expanded the political uses of mobile phones in their struggle for freedom of information flow, social justice, and the rule of law, while seeking to build an inexpensive counter-public sphere. These processes destabilize China's conventional national public sphere by shaping political identities on an individual level as well as the notion of citizenship within the evolving counter-public sphere. The political significance of mobile phones in the context of contemporary China's political environment can be observed by various social forces that communicate their struggles with the aid of this technology, pose challenges in governance, and force the authorities to engage in new kinds of media practices.

Sources and their frames

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-83
Author(s):  
Marina Dekavalla
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
The Media ◽  
Communication Campaigns

Chapter 4 focuses on the key actors who ran communication campaigns during the referendum, aiming to attract media attention for their views. It focuses particularly on the main Yes and No campaigns and the political parties that comprised them, as well as civil society organisations that did not support either outcome but still communicated to the media about issues they felt were significant in the debate. The chapter discusses the frames these participant actors promoted in the public debate. It is based on interviews with communication directors on both sides of the argument and representatives from impartial civil society organisations. It explores how different actors understood and defined what the referendum was about and how these understandings may be organized conceptually into different frames. It looks at similarities, differences and interactions between the frames that different actors proposed and explores whether different sides of the argument had ‘ownership’ over certain frames.

scholarly journals A Critical Analysis of Errors Made by Rural and Urban Students in ‘O’ Level Mathematics Paper 1 (4008/1) in Shurugwi and Gweru Districts, Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvanos Chirume
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Urban Students ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Geometric Constructions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Rural And Urban

This study critically investigated and analysed mathematical errors made by forty rural and urban Zimbabwe Ordinary Level students who wrote a test adopted from the ZIMSEC 2012 past examination paper (4008/1). Twenty students at a rural school in Shurugwi District and twenty students of similar characteristics (except for location or district) at an urban school in Gweru District were randomly sampled. Questions 1 and 7 (arithmetic and algebraic manipulations), 2 and 21 (psychomotor skills- measurement, shading, locus and geometric constructions) and 8 and 15 (word problems) were purposively sampled and students’ written and marked scripts were subjected to a critical analysis of errors. The errors were classified into eight categories proposed by Dufresne (2012) and these were error in knowledge, error in skill, error in concept, error in making connections, error in strategy effectiveness, error in convention, error in process and error in format. Mixed methods (QUAL-quan, content and interpretivist) analyses of errors made by the rural students and those made by the urban students were made. The study offers possible strategies that teachers in rural and urban areas can use to rectify students’ mathematical errors in the classroom situation and contributes to the body of knowledge on mathematical error analysis.    

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments

Classroom Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Elida Kurti
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
General Education ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Intellectual Level

This paper aims to reflect an effort to identify the problems associated with the educational learning process, as well as its function to express some inherent considerations to the most effective forms of the classroom management. Mentioned in this discussion are ways of management for various categories of students, not only from an intellectual level, but also by their behavior. Also, in the elaboration of this theme I was considering that in addition to other development directions of the country, an important place is occupied by the education of the younger generation in our school environments and especially in adopting the methods of teaching and learning management with a view to enable this generation to be competitive in the European labor market. This, of course, can be achieved by giving this generation the best values of behavior, cultural level, professional level and ethics one of an European family which we belong to, not just geographically. On such foundations, we have tried to develop this study, always improving the reality of the prolonged transition in the field of children’s education. Likewise, we have considered the factors that have left their mark on the structure, cultural level and general education level of children, such as high demographic turnover associated with migration from rural and urban areas, in the capacity of our educational institutions to cope with new situations etc. In the conclusions of this study is shown that there is required a substantial reform even in the pro-university educational system to ensure a significant improvement in the behavior of children, relations between them and the sound quality of their preparation. Used literature for this purpose has not been lacking, due to the fact that such problems are usually treated by different scholars. Likewise, we found it appropriate to use the ideas and issues discussed by the foreign literature that deals directly with classroom management problems. All the following treatise is intended to reflect the way of an effective classroom management.

Literacy and Education: Fifth Release From the 1961 Census of Pakistan (Review Article)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
Jamila Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Age And Sex

This review of the Literacy and Education Bklletin1 of the 1961 Census is fourth in the series of review articles published in this journal2. The Bulletin under review forms a part of the interim report on the characteristics of the population of Pakistan. It gives information on the number of illiterate and literate persons by age and sex for rural and urban areas on division and district basis; illiterate and literate.population in selected cities and towns; and the educational levels attained by the literate population by age and sex for divisions and districts. Relevant statistical notes and statements precede the tables in the Bulletin. The objective of this review is to describe the meaningfulness and significance of literacy statistics. To this end, a distinction is made between formal and functional levels of literacy. Comparisons of the 1951 and 1961 census figures are undertaken to indicate the progress of literacy and education during the past decade with reference to the effect of intercensal rate of population growth on such progress. Certain questions regarding the reliability of data are raised, which emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of literacy statistics.

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