Literacy and Education: Fifth Release From the 1961 Census of Pakistan (Review Article)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
Jamila Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Age And Sex

This review of the Literacy and Education Bklletin1 of the 1961 Census is fourth in the series of review articles published in this journal2. The Bulletin under review forms a part of the interim report on the characteristics of the population of Pakistan. It gives information on the number of illiterate and literate persons by age and sex for rural and urban areas on division and district basis; illiterate and literate.population in selected cities and towns; and the educational levels attained by the literate population by age and sex for divisions and districts. Relevant statistical notes and statements precede the tables in the Bulletin. The objective of this review is to describe the meaningfulness and significance of literacy statistics. To this end, a distinction is made between formal and functional levels of literacy. Comparisons of the 1951 and 1961 census figures are undertaken to indicate the progress of literacy and education during the past decade with reference to the effect of intercensal rate of population growth on such progress. Certain questions regarding the reliability of data are raised, which emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of literacy statistics.

Estimates of fertility and infant and child mortality for Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea: a comparative analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
William K. A. Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Infant And Child Mortality

SummaryData collected on fertility, mortality and family planning in two surveys in Papua New Guinea are presented. The first survey was conducted in rural and urban areas between November 1979 and March 1980 in eight provinces of Papua New Guinea, and the second between late June and early July 1981 in the Lae urban area. The unadjusted total fertility rates suggest that fertility is lower in the Lae urban area than in the rural and provincial urban areas. However, the adjusted rates indicate that fertility is higher in the provincial urban areas than in the rural and Lae urban areas. The results also confirm a trend towards lower infant and child mortality over the past 15 years, as well as the existence of moderate differentials between rural, provincial urban and the Lae urban areas.

scholarly journals An Estimate of the Shadow Wage Rate in Pakistan

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
Minimum Wage Legislation ◽  
Benefit Cost

In the past few years, increasing attention has been given to the methods by which investments in developing countries should be appraised. Benefit-cost analyses, based on market prices and costs, do not indicate whether an investment would be profitable from a social point of view. The methods of project evaluation developed in the past decade suggest ways in which private costs and benefits can be adjusted to reflect positive or negative externalities and to eliminate the effects of distorting taxes and subsidies which influence private decisions but which do not affect an investment's fundamental economic value. One item in an investment's cost for which the market value is widely believed to be unrepresentative of its social value is labour. Much of develop¬ment theory has been built around the notion that labour is misallocated, largely because it is mis-priced. Urban labour commands a wage above its equilibrium price because of the effects of unions, minimum wage legislation and other institutional rigidities. For institutional reasons as well, rural labour is paid a wage which is in excess of its marginal contribution to agricultural output. Determining the social opportunity cost of labour is consequently essential to the proper evaluation of investment in both rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals The Past Tense of Our Selves: Um adeus português in 1980s Portugal

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Dias Branco
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Topic ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Portuguese Society

The central topic of João Botelho’s Um adeus português (1986), is memory in 1980s Portuguese society. The film alternates scenes from 1973, during the colonial war in Africa, with scenes set in 1985, in rural and urban areas of Portugal. In the present essay, I argue that the film enacts the need for a conversation among the Portuguese by opting for a structure that puts its own elements in dialogue. I analyze the film’s stylistic features while also contextualizing it within 1980s Portugal. This study is anchored in five themes: war, race, class, labor, and religion.

scholarly journals Solving Social and Demographic Problems as a Factor of Sustainable Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nodirbek Tula
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Age And Sex

In conditions of economic reforms, the demographic challenges and problems of the social protection of population stand at the forefront. In the field of demography it is quite essential to consider such factors as birth, mortality rates, marriages, divorces, age and sex structure and migration. In the social protection sphere the first major factors that we must pay careful attention are the number of pensioners, children and disabled people. In Uzbekistan, in recent years, fewer people have left the country. This is due to the gradual increase in the incomes and in the relatively homogeneous ethnic structure of the population. The age and sex structure of the population are changing, furthermore the population is gradually aging, which in turn will lead to a great demographic burden on the part of a certain age. In addition, the disparity of the gender in rural and urban areas, can lead adversely effect on the social life. It should be noted that in recent years there has been a tendency for an increase in the number of birth in absolute numbers and slowdown in its rate of percentage. This trend will effect to the economy of the country as a whole, as its regions as well. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the demographic processes, to develop a set of measures to balance social protection, growth rates and population migration.

scholarly journals Understanding the dynamics of Nigeria’s urban transition: A refutation of the ‘stalled urbanisation’ hypothesis

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 947-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Fox ◽  
Robin Bloch ◽  
Jose Monroy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Basic Facts

Nigeria contains some of Africa’s oldest and newest cities, hosts five of the 30 largest urban settlements on the continent, and is estimated to have the biggest urban population on the continent. Yet many of the basic ‘facts’ about spatial-demographic trends in Nigeria have been contested. Most recently, an article published in World Development in 2012 claimed that urbanisation had stalled in Nigeria. In an effort to establish and explain the stylised facts of Nigeria’s urban transition we analyse demographic and spatial trends drawing on diverse sources, including censuses, household surveys, remotely sensed data and migration studies conducted over the past three decades. The evidence does not support the claim of stalled urbanisation: Nigeria’s urban population is growing rapidly in absolute terms and will continue to increase as a share of the national population because of both rural–urban migration and rural transformation. These drivers of urbanisation are a product of persistently high fertility in a context of declining mortality in both rural and urban areas. Robust economic growth over the past decade likely accelerated urbanisation, but even as the economy slows demographic fundamentals will continue to drive rapid urban growth and urbanisation.

Some New Evidence on the Incidence of Poverty in Pakistan

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4II) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Previous Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Poverty Levels

A number of studies have been done in the past to measure the level of poverty in Pakistan. These studies include Naseem (1973, 1977), Alauddin (1975), Mujahid (1979), Irfan and Amjad (1983), Kruijk and Leeuwen (1985) and Cheema (1985). The time periods covered by these studies are not the same. Moreover, in some cases the methodologies and results of these studies also differ. The present study covers the most recent data made available in the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) for 1984-85. Some selected previous Survey years have also been included in the study to see changes in poverty levels over time. The incidence of poverty is measured on the basis of both households and population. To determine the location of the poor, poverty levels have been estimated for rural and urban areas of the country.

Demography of a man-made human catastrophe: The case of massive famine in Ukraine 1932-1933

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omelian Rudnytskyi ◽  
Nataliia Levchuk ◽  
Oleh Wolowyna ◽  
Pavlo Shevchuk ◽  
Alla Kovbasiuk (Savchuk)
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Indirect Losses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Excess Deaths ◽  
Age Structures

Estimates of 1932–34 famine direct losses (excess deaths) by age and sex and indirect losses (lost births) are calculated, for the first time, for rural and urban areas of Ukraine. Total losses are estimated at 4.5 million, with 3.9 million excess deaths and 0.6 million lost births. Rural and urban excess deaths are equivalent to 16.5 and 4.0 per cent of respective 1933 populations. We show that urban and rural losses are the result of very different dynamics, as reflected in the respective urban and rural age structures of relative excess deaths.

Management of minor ailments in primary schoolchildren in rural and urban areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
J A Cantrill ◽  
B Johannesson ◽  
M Nicholson ◽  
P R Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Minor Ailments
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