scholarly journals International Trade Implications of Highly Pathogenic Poultry Disease Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-537
Author(s):  
Jada M. Thompson ◽  
Dustin L. Pendell ◽  
Amy D. Hagerman ◽  
Kamina K. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Multilateral Resistance ◽  
Poultry Disease ◽  
Gravity Model Of Trade

Animal disease events can lead to international trade restrictions which can vary in duration, products included, and geographical extent. Accounting for multilateral resistance between trading partners, a general gravity model of trade is estimated with a Hausman-Taylor and a Hausman-Taylor seemingly unrelated estimator to evaluate the trade quantity impact by commodity resulting from highly pathogenic poultry disease events in 24 exporting markets. Commodity specific results show that quantity traded and products demanded during a disease event differ by commodities. Understanding these impacts can better prepare exporters for potential changes in trade quantity given a disease event.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF REGIONALIZED TRADE RESTRICTIONS ON QUANTITY EXPORTED DURING A HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA EVENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
JADA M. THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Gravity Model Of Trade

AbstractFrom December 2014 to June 2015, U.S. poultry was affected by highly pathogenic avian influenza that led to destruction of 48 million birds and losses in international trade. During the event, 45 countries placed trade restrictions on U.S. poultry exports, varying from regionalized to national poultry restrictions. Using a gravity model of trade, the effects on quantity traded is estimated for poultry exports at the aggregated and disaggregated commodity level to understand product flows during an event. Results indicate U.S. poultry exports benefit from countries willing to apply limited trade restrictions, and the trade impact varies across disaggregated commodities.

scholarly journals A Gravity Model of Trade for Nicaraguan Agricultural Exports

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (74) ◽  
pp. 391-428
Author(s):  
Medardo Aguirre González ◽  
Claudio Candia Campano ◽  
Lilliam Antón López
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Gravity Model Of Trade

This research aims to find the determining factors of Nicaraguan agricultural exports. To carry out this study, the author formulated a Gravity Model of Trade (GMT) and then made an estimation using a version of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) that incorporates a consistent covariance matrix estimator to correct the heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation effects. The data considered observations over twenty years and for twelve countries: eight have signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Nicaragua and four have not. The variables that significantly increased the flow of Nicaraguan agricultural exports are the following: Nicaragua’s trading partners’ population, Nicaragua’s Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP pc), the Real Exchange Rate (RER), and Nicaragua’s trading partners’ GDP pc; however, the distance variable turned out to be significantly trade-inhibiting. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) predominantly have significant effects.

scholarly journals An Empirical Sector-Specific Gravity Model for Hungarian International Trade

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 2145-2150
Author(s):  
Jana Šimáková ◽  
Daniel Stavárek
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trade And Exchange ◽  
The Impact

This paper contributes to the economic literature on the impact of exchange rate volatility on Hungary’s foreign trade. Basic gravity model shows that trade volume between a pair of countries is an increasing function of their sizes (GDP) and a decreasing function of the distance between them. Additional factors included in extended model are population, dummy for common border and proxy for exchange rate volatility. The measure of exchange rate volatility is estimated by GARCH model. This paper explores relationship between trade and exchange rate uncertainty using quarterly data over the period 1999:1 – 2014:3. In order to obtain the objective result, we use the panel data regression for 10 sectors of Hungarian international trade based on SITC classification and six major trading partners (Austria, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy and Poland). The significant parameters obtained from panel regression demonstrate that bilateral exchange rate volatility leads to a decrease in Hungary’s foreign trade.

Analysis of Food Imports in a Highly Import Dependent Economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simeon Kaitibie ◽  
Munshi Masudul Haq ◽  
Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Factor Endowment ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Corruption Perception ◽  
Gravity Model Of Trade ◽  
Food Imports

AbstractThis analysis of food imports used an enhanced gravity model of trade, with food imports from approximately 136 countries from 2004 to 2014. Using improved panel data techniques, we show that total income, inflation in the food exporting country, corruption perception in the food exporting country, trade openness in the food exporting economy, GCC membership are important determinants of food imports by Qatar. In addition, we show that Qatari food imports mostly originate in countries with, on average, similar economic sizes. Finally, Qatar’s factor endowment is dissimilar to those of most of its trading partners, a situation that potentially fosters international food trade in accordance with the Heckscher–Ohlin theory of trade.

Impact of Non-Tariff Measures on Trade in Mauritius

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
André C Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Export Flows ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Volume Of Trade

Gains of international trade are largely based on the absence of trade restrictions among trading countries. The perceived advantage of a steady decrease in tariffs worldwide was unfortunately progressively replaced by non-tariff measures (NTMs) globally. The impact of these NTMs is, however, not exactly clear as it appears in sometimes a much disguised manner. NTMs seem to be very important in limiting the flow of imports to trading countries, although accurately measuring the effects of it is fairly difficult. The purpose of this article is to estimate the impact of NTMs on the volume of trade in Mauritius. The 20 major export destinations of Mauritius are analyzed to determine the impact of tariffs and NTMs on the exports from Mauritius. Using the trade freedom scores as proxy for trade restrictions, it has been established that Mauritius’ volume of export flows are much lower due to the NTMs applied by its importing trading partners.

The Reasoning Structure in Legal Disputes on the International Trade of Biotechnology: From a Judicial Balance by Chance to a Judicial Balance by Design

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Alessandra GUIDA
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Biotech Products

The international trade in biotech products boosts national economies and advances scientific as well as technology innovation. However, while trading these products increases the spread of benefits on a global scale, it also increases risks to human health and the environment (ie biosafety). This is because the effects of this technology on biosafety are still highly uncertain. Against this background, the judicial bodies under the World Trade Organization (WTO) find themselves in the middle of an intricate and polarised debate in which a proper judicial balance between free trade and biosafety becomes fundamental in order to determine whether requests for ensuring human and environmental health justify trade restrictions. This paper aims to highlight that the WTO is institutionally unready for balancing economic and non-economic values. In suggesting how to rationalise the judicial balance between the competing interests in the context of biotechnology, this paper demonstrates that the judicial adoption of a well-structured proportionality analysis can turn the current balance by chance into a balance by structure.

scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

Free Trade Agreement between Tunisia and the European Union, Do Institutions Matter?: An Empirical Validation by A Gravity Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Anis Kacem
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Institutional Dimension ◽  
North And South

Tunisia has signed a free trade agreement with the European Union in 1996, which provides for the reduction of tariff barriers between Tunisia and the EU. In this article, we aim to know and test whether the similarity of the institutional framework has to stimulate international trade between Tunisia and the European Union. In this context, we built a variable called “Institutional distance” to valid the institutional dimension of international trade, near borders effects reported in the literature. To this end, a gravity model was used initially (Tunisia and 21 European countries). Secondly, the estimate shows the existence of spatial autocorrelation. The latter has been corrected using spatial econometrics. The results show that the geographical distance remains more important than the institutions in this type of agreement between north and south shores of the Mediterranean.

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