scholarly journals Extrapolating the Value Per Statistical Life Between Populations: Theoretical Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Hammitt
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Informal Support ◽  
Age Dependence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Value Per Statistical Life

Extrapolation of estimates of the value per statistical life (VSL) from high- to low- or middle-income populations requires attention to the possible effects of differences in income, current mortality risk, health, life expectancy, and many other factors. The standard theoretical model of VSL implies that VSL increases with income and decreases with current mortality risk. The effect of mortality risk is likely to be negligible while the effect of income is large and poorly quantified. Effects of differences in life expectancy and health are theoretically ambiguous. Effects of other factors, including differences in health care, formal and informal support networks, and cultural or religious factors that affect preferences for spending on oneself or others may be important but are unknown. Practical issues include choice of the most appropriate measure of income and possible differences in the patterns of age dependence between populations.

scholarly journals Estimating the Values of Mortality Risk Reductions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Value Per Statistical Life ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The value of small changes in mortality risks, generally expressed as the value per statistical life, is an important parameter in benefit-cost analysis. However, little is known about the values held by populations in low- and middle-income countries. This article introduces a symposium that includes three additional articles which explore related theory and research.

scholarly journals Valuing Mortality Risk Reductions in Global Benefit-Cost Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
pp. 15-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Robinson ◽  
James K. Hammitt ◽  
Lucy O’Keeffe
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Benefit Cost

The estimates used to value mortality risk reductions are a major determinant of the benefits of many public health and environmental policies. These estimates (typically expressed as the value per statistical life, VSL) describe the willingness of those affected by a policy to exchange their own income for the risk reductions they experience. While these values are relatively well studied in high-income countries, less is known about the values held by lower-income populations. We identify 26 studies conducted in the 172 countries considered low- or middle-income in any of the past 20 years; several have significant limitations. Thus there are few or no direct estimates of VSL for most such countries. Instead, analysts typically extrapolate values from wealthier countries, adjusting only for income differences. This extrapolation requires selecting a base value and an income elasticity that summarizes the rate at which VSL changes with income. Because any such approach depends on assumptions of uncertain validity, we recommend that analysts conduct a standardized sensitivity analysis to assess the extent to which their conclusions change depending on these estimates. In the longer term, more research on the value of mortality risk reductions in low- and middle-income countries is essential.

scholarly journals Building a Set of Internationally Comparable Value of Statistical Life Studies: Estimates of Chinese Willingness to Pay to Reduce Mortality Risk

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Hoffmann ◽  
Alan Krupnick ◽  
Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
The United States ◽  
Value Of Statistical Life ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Payment Card ◽  
Statistical Life ◽  
Chinese Study

This study is the eighth in a series of stated-preference studies designed to enhance the basis for international benefits transfer of value of statistical life (VSL) estimates. The series has fielded essentially similar stated-preference surveys in Canada, China, France, Italy, Japan, Mongolia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This Chinese study estimates the willingness to pay for contemporaneous and future mortality risk reductions of residents of Shanghai, Jiujiang, and Nanning, China using a stated-preference payment-card survey. The pooled VSL for a contemporaneous reduction in annual mortality risk reduction of 5 in 10,000 is about 1.47 million 2009 yuan ($614,805 U.S. $2016), with income elasticities of 0.2 to 0.25. This VSL estimate is at the lower end of estimates from the eight countries, between those from Mongolia and Japan, and in the mid-range of estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) for mortality risk reductions as a percentage of household income. We find lower discount rates in the Mongolia, Japan, and China studies than in those fielded in North America or Europe. The study also explores the relative performance of dichotomous choice and stated-preference card elicitation methods in a middle income country setting and develops a computerized “payment card” that allows testing for anchoring. Implicit transfer elasticities across countries, calculated using the VSLs we estimate and each country’s income, relative to those of the United States, yields estimates of 0.88–0.95 for the lower income countries. These compare with the default assumption of 1.0 or assumed elasticities of 1.2 for developing countries.

scholarly journals Analyzing the technical efficiency of health systems in Asian countries: What Myanmar can learn from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zin Mar Win ◽  
Curt Löfgren
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health System ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Middle Income

Abstract Background: Advancements in medicine leads, among other things, to increasing life expectancy and quality of life. However, at the same time, health care costs are increasing, and this may not be sustainable in the future. Governments and health care organizations need to implement efficiency measures in order to maximize health outcomes within available resources. This study aims to compare the technical efficiency of health systems in middle-income Asian countries, and to identify “efficient peers” for each “inefficient country”: in particular for Myanmar. Methods: A data envelopment analysis (DEA) variable returns to scale output-oriented model was used to evaluate technical efficiency in middle-income Asian countries. The input variables were current health expenditure per capita, the density of doctors, and the density of nurses and midwifery personnel. The output variables were health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and the infant mortality rate (IMR). Myanmar may learn how to improve efficiency of its health care system through studying its efficient peers from DEA results. A review of relevant English language literature was used as a basis for informing a comparative analysis of the health systems of Myanmar and its efficient peers: Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.Results: Among the twenty-eight middle-income Asian countries studied, 39.3% of countries were technically efficient. Myanmar is one of the inefficient countries, and it should look at the health systems of its efficient peers, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, to make its health system technically more efficient.Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that countries with inefficient health systems can improve their health outcomes without increasing their health care resources. As DEA measures efficiency only, future studies should take into account equity to assess comprehensive health system performance.

Analyzing the technical efficiency of health systems in Asian countries: What Myanmar can learn from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zin Mar Win ◽  
Curt Löfgren
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health System ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Middle Income

Abstract Background: Advancements in medicine leads, among other things, to increasing life expectancy and quality of life. However, at the same time, health care costs are increasing, and this may not be sustainable in the future. Governments and health care organizations need to implement efficiency measures in order to maximize health outcomes within available resources. This study aims to compare the technical efficiency of health systems in middle-income Asian countries, and to identify “efficient peers” for each “inefficient country”: in particular for Myanmar. Methods: A data envelopment analysis (DEA) variable returns to scale output-oriented model was used to evaluate technical efficiency in middle-income Asian countries. The input variables were current health expenditure per capita, the density of doctors, and the density of nurses and midwifery personnel. The output variables were health adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and the infant mortality rate (IMR). Myanmar may learn how to improve efficiency of its health care system through studying its efficient peers from DEA results. A review of relevant English language literature was used as a basis for informing a comparative analysis of the health systems of Myanmar and its efficient peers: Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.Results: Among the twenty-eight middle-income Asian countries studied, 39.3% of countries were technically efficient. Myanmar is one of the inefficient countries, and it should look at the health systems of its efficient peers, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, to make its health system technically more efficient.Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that countries with inefficient health systems can improve their health outcomes without increasing their health care resources. As DEA measures efficiency only, future studies should take into account equity to assess comprehensive health system performance.

Mortality Risk and Life Expectancy

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-200
Author(s):  
Dana B Kamerud
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mortality Risk

Strengthening of occupational health promotion by the German Prevention Health Care Act

2019 ◽  
pp. 188-190
Author(s):  
Diana Hart
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Occupational Health Promotion ◽  
And Control

All countries are faced with the problem of the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCD): implement prevention strategies eff ectively, keep up the momentum with long term benefi ts at the individual and the population level, at the same time tackling hea lth inequalities. Th e aff ordability of therapy and care including innovative therapies is going to be one of the key public health priorities in the years to come. Germany has taken in the prevention and control of NCDs. Germany’s health system has a long history of guaranteeing access to high-quality treatment through universal health care coverage. Th r ough their membership people are entitled to prevention and care services maintaining and restoring their health as well as long term follow-up. Like in many other countries general life expectancy has been increasing steadily in Germany. Currently, the average life expectancy is 83 and 79 years in women and men, respectively. Th e other side of the coin is that population aging is strongly associated with a growing burden of disease from NCDs. Already over 70 percent of all deaths in Germany are caused by four disease entities: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes. Th ese diseases all share four common risk factors: smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity and overweight. At the same time, more and more people become long term survivors of disease due to improved therapy and care. Th e German Government and public health decision makers are aware of the need for action and have responded by initiating and implementing a wide spectrum of activities. One instrument by strengthening primary prevention is the Prevention Health Care Act. Its overarching aim is to prevent NCDs before they can manifest themselves by strengthening primary prevention and health promotion in diff erent sett ings. One of the main emphasis of the Prevention Health Care Act is the occupational health promotion at the workplace.

Issues of co-financing of drug provision for the population: international and Russian practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Vasiliy Ryazhenov ◽  
Victoriya Andreyeva ◽  
Elena Zakharochkina
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Russian President ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
Drug Provision

Russian President Vladimir Putin defined increase in life expectancy from 72.7 to 78 years by 2024 as a national aim in the Decree № 204 of May 7, 2018. Achievement of this aim depends on drug provision system among other factors. Strategy of drug provision for the population of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025 sets the goal of increasing availability of high quality, effective and safe medicines to meet needs of the population and the health system based on the formation of a rational and balanced system of drug provision for the population of the country with available resources. The health care system should expand the possibilities of using modern and effective mechanisms to ensure the financing of drug provision for the population.

DIAGNOSTICS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF HEALTHCARE IN RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 35-55
Author(s):  
N.P. STARYKH ◽  
◽  
A.V. EGOROVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Current State

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of healthcare in Russia. Scientific novelty of the study: the authors suggest that the efficiency of the health care system depends on the state of such indicators of public health as life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Life expectancy is an integrated demographic indicator that characterizes the number of years that a person would live on average, provided that the age-specific mortality rate of a generation would be at the level for which the indicator was calculated throughout life. The indicator ‘healthy life expectancy’ is formed by subtracting the number of years of unhealthy life (due to chronic diseases, disabilities, mental and behavioral disorders, etc.) from the life expectancy indicator. Results: the article presents an analysis of the current state of Russian healthcare based on statistical data provided by the Federal State Statistics Service, the World Health Organization, and world rankings. Attention is focused on the perceptions of Russians about the quality of medical services and Russian healthcare. Conclusions about the current state of health care in Russia are formulated by the authors, based on a secondary analysis of statistical data, as well as data from sociological research presented by leading Russian sociological centers.

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