scholarly journals Science in The Children's Encyclopedia and its appropriation in the twentieth century in Latin America

BJHS Themes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
BERNARDO JEFFERSON DE OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
South American ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Core ◽  
Science And Technology Education ◽  
The North

AbstractIn the early twentieth century, encyclopedias addressed to children and youths became special reference works concerning science and technology education. In search of greater comprehension of this historical process, I analyse The Children's Encyclopedia’s representation of science and technology, and how it was re-edited by the North American publishing company that bought its copyrights and promoted its circulation in several countries. Furthermore, I examine how its contents were appropriated in its translations into Portuguese and Spanish, which circulated in Latin America in the first half of the twentieth century. The comparison between the different versions reveals that the writings of science and technology are practically the same, with significant changes only in literature and in the approach of historical and geographical themes. I then argue that, even keeping the scientific contents virtually unchanged, these versions of the encyclopedia gave it a new meaning, because of the contexts in which they circulated. Finally, I show how the appropriations of the encyclopedia contributed to the promotion of scientific values and technological innovation as the core development and as a model of civilization for South American nations.

scholarly journals The post-neoliberal South American development

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-39
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Historical Process

This study addressed the triangular relations between Latin America, Beijing and Washington in the last 15 years using a process tracing technique on the economic and political models of the region. It specifically focused on the South American development during the post-Washington Consensus era, as well as the expanding influence of China over this region. The aim of this paper was to transmit the idea that the failure of neoliberalism in the 90s together with the expansionism of China have shaped the contemporary political and economic arena among the countries of South America. This work could help to understand the historical process of the construction of develop paradigms on the region and its impact on the society.

scholarly journals The Import Sales Contract System in Shanghai 1903–1918, with Special Reference to US–Chinese Commercial Disputes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Eiichi Motono
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
North China ◽  
Court System ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
National Archives ◽  
College Park ◽  
Peculiar Behavior ◽  
Commercial Disputes

AbstractThis article is part of my series of articles that deal with the Western and Chinese commercial disputes from the 1880s until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War. In contrast to my previous articles, it deals with commercial disputes between American mercantile firms and Chinese trading merchants in the early twentieth century by examining the unpublished Shanghai American consular archives at NARA II (National Archives and Records Administration), College Park, Maryland. Together with correspondence in the North-China Herald (NCH), these archives can be materials for revealing the peculiar behavior of the proprietors of Chinese partnership (joint-share, or hegu 合股) firms. They cooperated with American mercantile firms so long as the assets of American mercantile firms could guarantee their commercial profits. Whenever they were aware that American mercantile firms could no longer guarantee the safety of their commercial assets, they did not hesitate in breaching commercial contracts by means of various tactics. Seen from the American side, it was nothing but a betrayal. Following typical cases in the records, this article reveals the process by which these commercial disputes escalated to such a level that leaders of Chinese mercantile people demanded reforms to the commercial court system at the end of the 1910s.

scholarly journals Vectors of Exchange: Translation Praxis in Cuadernos de Marcha and Revista Casa de las Américas

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Constanza Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Latin American And Caribbean ◽  
National Borders ◽  
The Way

Historically, translation has been at the core of intellectual projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. This article investigates the translation praxis of two influential twentieth-century Latin American and Caribbean cultural journals whose influence reached beyond their own national borders: the Uruguayan Cuadernos de Marcha and the Cuban Revista Casa de las Américas. This paper examines the translation practices of these periodicals focusing on the material selected for translation. Looking at the discursive compositions that are constructed through translation, it discusses the vectors of intellectual exchange as they can be traced via translation, the way in which these periodicals create images of the Americas as a territory, and the extent to which these images either conform to or challenge the historical discursive practices that contribute to shaping existing regional imaginaries.

scholarly journals From the Editors

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Maija Aksela ◽  
Veli- Matti Vesterinen
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Technology Education ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
North American ◽  
Teacher Educators ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Mathematics Teacher Education ◽  
School Students ◽  
Science And Technology Education ◽  
The North

Welcome to the final issue of the first volume of LUMAT. With two regular issues, three special issues, eleven research articles, two perspective articles and thirty general articles published, the first volume of LUMAT has been a success. With three special issues and two regular issues lined up for the second volume, we hope to continue publishing quality articles on research and practice in math, science and technology education. The purpose of the journal is to share good practices, and present especially Finnish but also international know-how in the field of math, science and technology education. With this purpose in mind, it has been a pleasure to publish several manuscripts from our colleagues around the globe. Also this final issue of the first volume includes articles from Finnish as well as international educational researchers. The first article, by Jeronen, Karjalainen, Kuoppala, Sääskilahti and Tirri discusses the new student admission process of subject teacher education. Their topic is especially interesting, as the coming years are about to bring changes to student admission processes of Finnish universities. The second article is a product of an international collaboration with Finnish and North American researchers. The study by Tolppanen, Rantaniitty, McDermott, Aksela and Hand investigates how Finnish comprehensive school students received a multimodal writing lesson. They conclude that general writing skills benefit students in production of multimodal writing during science lessons. The last study published in this issue discusses the use of classroom response systems (also known as clickers) in physics teacher education. According to the results of the North American researchers Milner-Bolotin, Fisher and MacDonald clicker-enhanced pedagogy is a promising vehicle for developing pedagogical content knowledge of science teachers. The results of this study are interesting also from a Finnish perspective, as also Finnish teacher educators are searching new ways to implement use of modern educational technology to science and mathematics teacher education.

Anti-positivist thought in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
South American ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Jose Vasconcelos ◽  
Political Dimensions

Anti-positivist philosophy arose in Latin America at the turn of the twentieth century in response to the dominance of closed positivistic systems of historical development in the climate of intellectual opinion. Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay were all centres of anti-positivist theorizing. Philosophers such as Mexicans Antonio Caso and José Vasconcelos, the Argentinian Alejandro Korn and the Uruguayan Carlos Vaz Ferreira attacked Auguste Comte’s positivism, as well as deterministic forms of scientific Marxism and Herbert Spencer’s social Darwinism for their denials of creative freedom and spiritual values. Latin American anti-positivism is characterized as a form of modernism although it incorporates elements of traditionalism. It is self-consciously critical of the limitations of modern progressivism and willing to supplement the modern paradigm with premodern discourses. Anti-positivist philosophy is also firmly committed to the modern embrace of process over fixed form. Latin American anti-positivism is founded in a comprehensive interpretation of experience that embraces phenomena such as creative freedom, tentative and experimental thinking, imaginative coordination and charitable love. These aspects are excluded from the purview of what positivists allow to be objects of scientific knowledge. Anti-positivists interpret experience as a bi-polar struggle in which the free side of life battles to prevail over the forces of necessity, system, abstraction and egoism. South American anti-positivists concentrated on issues of knowledge and the structure of thought and experience, whereas Mexican anti-positivists, who were products of a formal education modelled on Comte’s prescriptions, undertook a more total revolt. This revolt had metaphysical, moral and political dimensions. For the most part anti-positivists did not fully escape the doctrines they criticized. They took from these doctrines descriptions of unredeemed, degraded and mechanized life which they opposed to redemptive practices of struggle.

Architects and Engineers

2014 ◽  
pp. 48-64
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Definition Of

As designers, architects, and engineers are united by their commitment to technological thinking with the ultimate end of their productions being determined, not by the architects and engineers themselves, but by the consumers and users of the products that they visualize. Thus, prudential and practical considerations distinguish architects from artists and engineers from scientists, but the purely formal intellectual values of beauty and truth, enjoyed by artists and scientists respectively, tend to haunt architects and engineers and inform their personalities and dreams. Equally important is the fact that the ideals of beauty and truth tend to separate architects from engineers. A typology of contrast is evident here. Yet, because both these occupations share an identity as designers, it is necessary for scholars to merge architects and engineers conceptually. The first architectural theorist, Vitruvius in ancient Rome, argued that architects need to possess both theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge – that is, art or science and technology – and it is clear that Vitruvius’s definition of an architect would include what we call an engineer. Vitruvius had an immense influence on architectural thinking, which for many centuries emphasized his ideals of beauty at the expense of practicality. This tendency is evident in both the works of the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later the Beaux Arts tradition in France that lasted until the twentieth century when function replaced form as the core value of architecture. At the same time in the modern age, engineers split apart from architects and established an independent profession.

The Virtues of Archaism: The Political Economy of Schooling in Europe, 1750–1850

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Maynes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Political ◽  
School Systems ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The North

Schooling is now a routine part of childhood in Western Europe, but this has not, of course, always been the case. The historical process of incorporation into school systems was one which affected the children of some social groups earlier than others and which occurred earlier in some regions than in others. In Western Europe, the contrast between the Protestant North and the Catholic South has proven to be significant in schooling history as in so many other realms: in general the South was less literate and less schooled than the North apparently from the sixteenth century until the accomplishment of universal school attendance and literacy around the beginning of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Labor and informal work in North-South relations: a study on Iberian countries and Latin-America

Tempo Social ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-229
Author(s):  
Elísio Estanque ◽  
Víctor F. Climent
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
The North ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

Departing from the North/South dialogue, and considering the historical relations between the Iberian countries and Latin America (LA), the aim is to analyze trends, contrasts and asymmetries in different scales. Asymmetric powers and dynamic tensions and negotiations are discussed both in the world-system scale and in the European Union context. In the light of recent transformations in international capitalism, our paper addresses, on the one hand, the phenomenon of informality/labor precariousness and, on the other, resorting to a more prospective record, diagnoses some of the recent challenges of technological innovation and digitalization. Considering an ongoing project related to these issues (Latwork), our analysis encompasses the sociological knowledge developed by diverse research teams on the labor field, namely regarding informality and technological innovation. For this purpose, we also gather quantitative data on research teams from the universities of la countries (Brazil, Argentine and Chile) using factorial analysis. The aim is to foster decent work, particularly in the Latin American countries under study, where, as we know, the scourge of informality and vulnerability of the working classes is a structural feature that remains from colonial heritage till the early peripheral industrialization. Thus, the spirit of our study lies in the effort to understand the changes taking place in the field of labor relations at a time when global capitalism is at a crossroads in the face of the brutal impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic.

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