Architects and Engineers

2014 ◽  
pp. 48-64
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Definition Of

As designers, architects, and engineers are united by their commitment to technological thinking with the ultimate end of their productions being determined, not by the architects and engineers themselves, but by the consumers and users of the products that they visualize. Thus, prudential and practical considerations distinguish architects from artists and engineers from scientists, but the purely formal intellectual values of beauty and truth, enjoyed by artists and scientists respectively, tend to haunt architects and engineers and inform their personalities and dreams. Equally important is the fact that the ideals of beauty and truth tend to separate architects from engineers. A typology of contrast is evident here. Yet, because both these occupations share an identity as designers, it is necessary for scholars to merge architects and engineers conceptually. The first architectural theorist, Vitruvius in ancient Rome, argued that architects need to possess both theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge – that is, art or science and technology – and it is clear that Vitruvius’s definition of an architect would include what we call an engineer. Vitruvius had an immense influence on architectural thinking, which for many centuries emphasized his ideals of beauty at the expense of practicality. This tendency is evident in both the works of the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later the Beaux Arts tradition in France that lasted until the twentieth century when function replaced form as the core value of architecture. At the same time in the modern age, engineers split apart from architects and established an independent profession.

Reviewing Engineers and Introducing Industrial Designers

2014 ◽  
pp. 111-136
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Design ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Design Activity ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Industrial Designers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Much of the analysis and argument in the first half of the book has focused more on architects than on engineers, simply because architects, with their fondness for art and imagination, often seem closer to the core of design activity and education than engineers, with their fondness for science and rationality. Moreover, industrial designers have not entered the discussion at all. Therefore, a review of the argument with a focus on both engineering and industrial design seems useful at this point. It is also time to look more closely at the relationship between imagination and rationality, since a full illumination of that relationship in regard to design is the ultimate aim of this entire project, culminating in Chapter 10. The key to achieving this understanding is Aristotle, who, it must be remembered, offered the first definition of design as techne, or knowledge gained by doing – as opposed to episteme, or knowledge gained by thinking. Aristotle also called this distinction practical knowledge as opposed to theoretical knowledge. It should be remembered too that Aristotle regarded theoretical knowledge – of which the beauty sought by artists and the truth sought by scientists are perfect examples – as “higher” than practical knowledge, because they are manifested as universal ideas and they exist as ends in themselves. Design, as we have seen repeatedly, is concerned with physical particulars, and it is mainly utilitarian. Just the same, Aristotle stated that the practical knowledge of techne, like the theoretical knowledge of episteme, is achieved through rationality. This is where the problem occurs, as far as design is concerned.

Conspiracy Literature in Early Renaissance Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Celati
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Political Literature ◽  
Narrative Approaches ◽  
Literature History ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Literary Output

The present work represents the first full-length investigation of Italian Renaissance literature on the topic of conspiracy. This literary output consists of texts belonging to different genres that enjoyed widespread diffusion in the second half of the fifteenth century, when the development of these literary writings proves to be closely connected with the affirmation of a centralized political thought and princely ideology in Italian states. The centrality of the issue of conspiracies in the political and cultural context of the Italian Renaissance emerges clearly also in the sixteenth century in Machiavelli’s work, where the topic is closely interlaced with the problems of building political consensus and the management of power. This monograph focuses on the most significant Quattrocento texts examined as case studies (representative of different states, literary genres, and of both prominent authors—Alberti, Poliziano, Pontano—and minor but important literati) and on Machiavelli’s works where this political theme is particularly pivotal, marking a continuity, but also a turning point, with respect to the preceding authors. Through an interdisciplinary analysis across literature, history, philology and political philosophy, this study traces the evolution of literature on plots in early Renaissance Italy, pointing out the key function of the classical tradition in it, and the recurring narrative approaches, historiographical techniques, and ideological angles that characterize the literary transfiguration of the topic. This investigation also offers a reconsideration and re-definition of the complex facets of fifteenth-century political literature, which played a crucial role in the development of a new theory of statecraft.

scholarly journals Science in The Children's Encyclopedia and its appropriation in the twentieth century in Latin America

BJHS Themes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
BERNARDO JEFFERSON DE OLIVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
South American ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The Core ◽  
Science And Technology Education ◽  
The North

AbstractIn the early twentieth century, encyclopedias addressed to children and youths became special reference works concerning science and technology education. In search of greater comprehension of this historical process, I analyse The Children's Encyclopedia’s representation of science and technology, and how it was re-edited by the North American publishing company that bought its copyrights and promoted its circulation in several countries. Furthermore, I examine how its contents were appropriated in its translations into Portuguese and Spanish, which circulated in Latin America in the first half of the twentieth century. The comparison between the different versions reveals that the writings of science and technology are practically the same, with significant changes only in literature and in the approach of historical and geographical themes. I then argue that, even keeping the scientific contents virtually unchanged, these versions of the encyclopedia gave it a new meaning, because of the contexts in which they circulated. Finally, I show how the appropriations of the encyclopedia contributed to the promotion of scientific values and technological innovation as the core development and as a model of civilization for South American nations.

scholarly journals Павел Муратов и образ смерти в итальянском Возрождении

2018 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
Giulia Baselica
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Piero Della Francesca

Pavel Muratov and the image of death in the Italian renaissanceThe article is an analytical path throughout some cultural phenomena — of a philosophical, literary and artistic nature — stemming from a classical and Renaissance reworking of the theme of death, as interpreted by Pavel Muratov, the author of the famous work Образы Италии Im­magini d’Italia, published in Moscow in the first decade of the twentieth century. The outstanding art historian many a time ponders over the concept and image of death, which inspired artists like Giovanni Bellini, Piero della Francesca, Michelangelo or Melozzo da Forlì; as far as death percep­tion is concerned. Death as an oblivion into which past glories fall in cities like Ferrara or Venice, and eventually as a distinctive feature of the fifteenth century, a complex and contradictory era in all its greatness.The deep and original Muratov’s remarks originate an eloquent and prolific dialogue between Russian culture at the beginning of the twentieth century, and Italian Renaissance culture.Pavel Muratov i slika smrti u italijanskoj renesansiCilj ovog rada je da se analitički istraže neki izrazi iz domena kulture, filozofije, književno­sti i umetnosti, koje je kao humanističku i renesansnu obradu teme smrti preuzeo i interpretirao Pavel Muratov, autor poznatog dela Slike Italije objavljenog u periodu od 1911. do 1913. Ugledni istoričar umetnosti se više puta bavi pojmom i slikom smrti, koja je bila inspiracija umetnika kao što su Đovani Belini Giovanni Bellini, Pjero dela Frančeska Piero della Francesca, Mikelanđelo Michelangelo ili Meloco iz Forlija Melozzo da Forlì, percepcijom smrti kao zaboravom koji briše tragove velikana iz prošlosti, u gradovima kao što su Ferara ili Venecija, najzad, nastoji da prati motiv smrti na kraju jedne kompleksne i kontradiktorne epohe u svoj njenoj veličini, kao što je XV vek.Duboka i originalna zapažanja Muratova, u osnovi su veoma plodnog dijaloga između ruske kulture s početka XX veka i italijanske renesansne kulture.

scholarly journals Philosophical representations on the phenomenon of evil in antique culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Pavel Aleksandrovich Gorokhov ◽  
Ekaterina Rafaelevna Yuzhaninova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hellenistic Philosophy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Spiritual Impact

The subject of this research is the existence of philosophical representations on the phenomenon of evil in antique culture and its perennial dialectical correlation with the good. This goal is achieved by interrelated solution of the following tasks: 1) determine the sources of antique philosophical perceptions of good and evil; 2) extract the essence of views of pre-Socratians, thinkers of the high classical period and certain representatives of Hellenistic philosophy upon the problems of good and evil; 3) assess the impact of antique ideas on good and evil upon the medieval philosophical views and modern philosophy. The scientific novelty consists in the first within the national historical-philosophical literature comprehensive assessment of the representations of antique philosophy upon the nature of evil. The author explores the genesis of these representations and their spiritual impact upon further development of world philosophy. Ancient Greece along with Ancient Rome, which absorbed its intellectual heritage, did not form the conceptually clear definition of evil; but the reviewed in this article philosophers, in diverse aphoristic forms of pre-philosophical knowledge and extant writings, left a number of paramount observations and reasoning that allow determining the establishment and advancement of the theory of evil in Middle Ages and Modern Age.

scholarly journals DIAGNOSTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT LEVEL OF ART SCHOOL STUDENT’S CREATIVE ABILITIES IN THE LEARNING PROCESS WITH ELECTRONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS USING

2018 ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Vasyl Martsyniv
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Creative Abilities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Art Schools ◽  
Art School

Diagnostics of creative abilities of students in art school with electronic musical instruments provide the definition of criterions and indicators by which we can find out objectively and reliably what we research. We determined the main criterions of development of creative abilities of students in art school with electronic musical instruments: motivational-value, content-operation, creative-processing. Motivational-value criterion displays the interest, needs attitude of student art schools to the musical creation through the using of electronic musical instruments. The next criterion is the content-operation; it gives the opportunity to estimate the level of musical-theoretical knowledge and skills and also availability of theoretical and practical knowledge, skills which refer to technic-functional keyboard. One more important level of development creative abilities is creative-processing criterion which gives opportunity to estimate the creative abilities more clearly and appropriate. Such criterions and their indicators focus on the definition levels which developing by electronic musical instruments. There are three levels of development of creative abilities – high, middle and low.

Ways and Voices in the Psychoanalysis of Links According to Enrique Pichon-Rivière

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Jaitin
Keyword(s):  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Different Levels

This article covers several stages of the work of Pichon-Rivière. In the 1950s he introduced the hypothesis of "the link as a four way relationship" (of reciprocal love and hate) between the baby and the mother. Clinical work with psychosis and psychosomatic disorders prompted him to examine how mental illness arises; its areas of expression, the degree of symbolisation, and the different fields of clinical observation. From the 1960s onwards, his experience with groups and families led him to explore a second path leading to "the voices of the link"—the voice of the internal family sub-group, and the place of the social and cultural voice where the link develops. This brought him to the definition of the link as a "bi-corporal and tri-personal structure". The author brings together the different levels of the analysis of the link, using as a clinical example the process of a psychoanalytic couple therapy with second generation descendants of a genocide within the limits of the transferential and countertransferential field. Body language (the core of the transgenerational link) and the couple's absences and presence during sessions create a rhythm that gives rise to an illusion, ultimately transforming the intersubjective link between the partners in the couple and with the analyst.

Towards a Minor Poetry: Reading Twentieth-Century French Poetry with Deleuze–Guattari and Bakhtin

Paragraph ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
Daisy Sainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
French Language ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Language System ◽  
Poetic Discourse ◽  
Poetry Reading ◽  
Century Poetry ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Minor

Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's analysis of minor literature, deterritorialization and agrammaticality, this article explores the possibility of a ‘minor poetry’, considering various interpretations of the term, and interrogating the value of the distinction between minor poetry and minor literature. The article considers Bakhtin's work, which offers several parallels to Deleuze and Guattari's in its consideration of the language system and the place of literature within it, but which also addresses questions of genre. It pursues Christian Prigent's hypothesis, in contrast to Bakhtin's account of poetic discourse, that Deleuze and Guattari's notion of deterritorialization might offer a definition of poetic language. Considering the work of two French-language poets, Ghérasim Luca and Olivier Cadiot, the article argues that the term ‘minor poetry’ gains an additional relevance for experimental twentieth-century poetry which grapples with its own generic identity, deterritorializing established conceptions of poetry, and making ‘minor’ the major poetic discourses on which it is contingent.

ДОМИНАНТНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СТРУКТУРА ИДИОСТИЛЯ М.Ф. ДОРОНОВИЧА// Humanitarian and Socio-Economic Sciences Journal/ OEAPS Inc., Berlin, Germany, pp.46-55

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Dorofeeva ◽  
Любовь Викторовна Чернова
Keyword(s):  
Functional Structure ◽  
The Core ◽  
Definition Of

Обращаясь к рассмотрению вопроса о доминантно-функциональной структуреидиостиля, авторы раскрывают дефиницию «идиостиль» в его связи с экстра- и интралингвистическими факторами. Рассматривая творчество публициста М.Ф. Дороновича через призму одножанровых текстов, авторы выделяют доминанты, составляющие ядро идиостиля публициста. К числу таковых относятся оценочная метафоричность, гиперболичность, фразеологичность, реализующиеся как на уровне тропов, так и на уровне синтаксических фигур.Addressing the issue of dominant-functional structure of idiostyle, the authors reveal the definition of "idiostyle" in its connection with extra- and intralinguistic factors. Considering the creativity of the writer M.F. Doronovich through the lens of various genres of texts, the authors identify the dominant components of the core of the idiostyle of the writer. These include evaluative metaphoricity, hyperbolicity, phraseology, which are implemented both at the level of tropes and at the level of syntactic figures.СВЕДЕНИЯ О ГРАНТАХ И ФИНАНСИРОВАНИИИсследование подготовлено при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (отделение гуманитарных и общественных наук) и Министерства образования, науки и молодёжной политики Краснодарского края в рамках научного проекта № 18-412-230008 а(р) «Язык и стиль публикаций М.Ф. Дороновича в кубанских дореволюционных газетах». Руководитель проекта – О.А. Дорофеева.

Reference Conundrum: The Broad Definition of Peer-Review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Fullerton
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Peer Review Process ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
The Core ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Reference Interactions ◽  
Definition Of

For years, the gold-standard in academic publishing has been the peer-review process, and for the most part, peer-review remains a safeguard to authors publishing intentionally biased, misleading, and inaccurate information. Its purpose is to hold researchers accountable to the publishing standards of that field, including proper methodology, accurate literature reviews, etc. This presentation will establish the core tenants of peer-review, discuss if certain types of publications should be able to qualify as such, offer possible solutions, and discuss how this affects a librarian's reference interactions.

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