scholarly journals Motivated reasoning, fast and slow

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Camilla Strömbäck ◽  
David Andersson ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll ◽  
Gustav Tinghög
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Numerical Information ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Swedish Sample

Abstract Are people more likely to (mis)interpret information so that it aligns with their ideological identity when relying on feelings compared to when engaging in analytical thinking? Or is it the other way around: Does deliberation increase the propensity to (mis)interpret information to confirm existing political views? In a behavioral experiment, participants (n = 1207, Swedish sample) assessed numerical information concerning the effects of gender quotas and immigration either under time pressure or under no time pressure. To measure trait differences in cognitive sophistication, we also collected data on numeric ability. We found clear evidence of motivated reasoning when assessing both the effects of gender quotas on companies’ financial results and the effect of refugee intake on crime rates. Subjects who prioritized equality over liberty on the labor market were 13 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that companies that used gender quotas when hiring made less profit. Subjects who classified themselves as ‘Swedes’ rather than ‘World citizens’ were 14 percentage points less likely to correctly assess numerical information depicting that crime rates decreased following immigration. Time pressure did not affect the likelihood to engage in motivated reasoning, while subjects with higher numeric ability were less likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information concerning refugee intake, but more likely to engage in motivated reasoning when analyzing information regarding the effect of gender quotas. Together these results indicate that motivated reasoning is primarily driven by individual differences in analytical thinking at the trait level and not by situational factors such as time pressure, and that whether motivated reasoning is primarily driven by analysis or feelings depends on the topic at hand.

scholarly journals Motivated reasoning when assessing the effects of refugee intake

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
THÉRÈSE LIND ◽  
ARVID ERLANDSSON ◽  
DANIEL VÄSTFJÄLL ◽  
GUSTAV TINGHÖG
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Numerical Information ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Lower Crime Rate

AbstractDo differences in worldview ideology hinder people from objectively interpreting the effect of immigration? In an experiment with Swedish adults (n = 1015), we investigate whether people display motivated reasoning when interpreting numerical information about the effects of refugee intake on crime rate. Our results show clear evidence of motivated reasoning along the lines of worldview ideology (i.e., whether people identify themselves primarily as nationally oriented or globally oriented). In scenarios where refugee intake was associated with higher crime rate, nationally oriented people were 18 percentage points more likely to make the correct assessment compared to globally oriented people. Likewise, in scenarios where refugee intake was associated with lower crime rate, nationally oriented people were 20 percentage points less likely to make the correct assessment compared to globally oriented people. Individuals with higher numeric ability were less likely to engage in motivated reasoning, suggesting that motivated reasoning more commonly is driven by feelings and emotional cues rather than deliberate analytical processes.

Effects of Situational Factors on Team Planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Martina Oldeweme ◽  
Udo Konradt ◽  
Yvonne Garbers
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Policy Capturing ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Team Planning ◽  
Team Research ◽  
Decision Importance

Abstract. Although there has long been consensus in team research that planning generally has a positive impact on performance, very little is known about how input factors (e. g., situational factors) affect the planning behavior of teams. In addition, the various dimensions of planning remain largely unexplored. In this study, we examine the effects of time pressure, task routine, and decision importance on team planning. We suggest that planning consists of four dimensions: exploration, strategic planning, detailed planning, and prognosis. In two policy-capturing studies, undergraduates and employees were presented with a series of hypothetical scenarios and asked to indicate in each case how they might plan for these if working as part of a team. Results from our Bayesian multilevel analyses revealed that teams overall used less planning when they were under acute time pressure, when tasks were very routine, and when the decisions involved were of little importance.

scholarly journals Building bridges takes time: Views of healthcare professionals on health literacy and migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Baumeister ◽  
A Aldin ◽  
D Chakraverty ◽  
ÜS Seven ◽  
G Anapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Health System ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Treatment Situation

Abstract Background Health literacy is an output of individual resources and capabilities, situational factors, environmental conditions, and the requirements of the health care system. As migration continues to increase globally, successful interaction between healthcare professionals and migrants can be important for a sustainable and resource-oriented promotion of health literacy. This study aims to explore challenges, needs and applied solutions of healthcare professionals in the interaction with migrants in Germany. Methods Five focus group discussions were conducted in Cologne, Germany. Participants were healthcare professionals (n = 30), including general practitioners, medical specialists in inpatient and outpatient care, and nurses. Discussions were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed by qualitative content analysis. Preliminary results Participants reported a lack of time and general uncertainty in dealing with the health literacy-related needs of the target population. Assumptions on discrimination through the health system and restrictive gender roles on the patients’ side were additional key challenges for a successful interaction. To bridge these barriers, some participants reported to invest time even beyond systemic conditions; most wished for professional interpreters or cultural mediators. Participants who themselves were migrants found this helpful for communicating information to patients and improving patients’ confidence in the recommended treatment. Using clinical staff as lay interpreters outside their own treatment situation was rated critical, as it can be associated with a considerable burden due to a further time restriction for their actual tasks. Conclusions Preliminary findings reveal that general problems in the health care setting (e.g. time pressure, ensuring patients’ compliance) can occur more intensively in migrant patients. Health professionals require support through the provision of state-funded professional interpreters. Key messages Health literacy related challenges become more visible in the context of migration and reveal general issues in the German health system that need to be solved for the benefit of the entire population. Research on health literacy in the context of migration is important in order to ensure the promotion and maintenance of health equally and effectively across populations.

Dogs and Crime

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
Wes Grooms ◽  
DJ Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Academic Press ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The City

AbstractPrevious attempts to quantify the role that dogs play in mitigating household property crime rates have produced mixed results.gisand spatial analysis methods to conduct such an investigation are not well-represented in the anthrozoological academic press for an entire city. This study seeks to address these gaps using agis-based case study of dog license locations and reported property crime locations for land parcel data in the City of Milwaukee,wi, for 2011. We found that parcels with reported licensed dogs experienced property crime at rates of between 1.40 and 1.71 percentage points lower than the property crime rates for parcels that were zoned the same and did not have licensed dogs. This association between the presence of dogs and reduced property crime rates suggests dogs have a deterrent effect on property crime; more comprehensive analysis is encouraged to draw more concrete conclusions.

The effects of shopping aid usage on consumer purchase decision and decision satisfaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiu‐chi Angela Chang ◽  
Monika Kukar‐Kinney
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Product Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decision Satisfaction ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Purchase Likelihood ◽  
Retail Shopping ◽  
Product Ratings

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two types of shopping aids, that is, research‐supporting and solution‐oriented shopping aids, and examine their effectiveness, considering both consumer and situational factors.Design/methodology/approachExpanded selection and additional detailed information are chosen to illustrate research‐supporting shopping aids, and personalized product recommendations and product ratings are used as examples of solution‐oriented shopping aids. This conceptual paper proposes that usage of shopping aids has an effect on the purchase likelihood and decision satisfaction and focuses on studying the moderating role of consumer product knowledge and time pressure. The thesis is that congruence between the type of a shopping aid and consumer characteristics, such as product knowledge, or situational characteristics, such as time pressure, should enhance the effectiveness of shopping aids.FindingsThe research propositions in this paper delineate how the use of retail shopping aids should affect the consumer's purchase likelihood, decision satisfaction, decision confidence, and evaluation costs, under the moderating influence of product knowledge and time pressure. Overall, knowledgeable consumers and less time‐pressed consumers should benefit from research‐supporting shopping aids (i.e. expanded selection and additional product information), whereas novice consumers and time‐pressed consumers should benefit from solution‐oriented shopping aids (i.e. personalized product recommendation and product ratings).Originality/valueRetail shopping aids are designed to offer sales assistance for consumers to handle the obstacles to purchase completion. However, past efforts to install retail shopping aids have seen mixed results. This conceptual paper advocates that consideration of consumer characteristics and situational factors is necessary to understand the effects of shopping aid usage. This paper thus contributes to the understanding of solutions to purchase decision deferral and the determinants of decision satisfaction, and has practical implications for retailers regarding providing retail shopping aids to facilitate purchase completion and shopping experiences.

Information-Acquisition Processes in Moral Judgments of Blame

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 957-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Guglielmo ◽  
Bertram F. Malle
Keyword(s):  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Canonical Order ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Acquisition Processes ◽  
Information Components ◽  
Practical Implications

When people make moral judgments, what information do they look for? Despite its theoretical and practical implications, this question has largely been neglected by prior literature. The recent Path Model of Blame predicts a canonical order in which people acquire information when judging blame. Upon discovering a negative event, perceivers consider information about causality, then intentionality, then (if the event is intentional) reasons or (if the event is unintentional) preventability. Three studies, using two novel paradigms, assessed and found support for these predictions: In constrained (Study 1) and open-ended (Study 2) information-acquisition contexts, participants were most likely, and fastest, to seek information in the canonical order, even when under time pressure (Study 3). These findings indicate that blame relies on a set of information components that are processed in a systematic order. Implications for moral judgment models are discussed, as are potential roles of emotion and motivated reasoning in information acquisition.

In Search of the Marketing Imagination: Factors Affecting the Creativity of Marketing Programs for Mature Products

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonlee Andrews ◽  
Daniel C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Marketing Environment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Marketing Program ◽  
Process Characteristics ◽  
Product Manager ◽  
Ongoing Development

The profitability of established products is affected greatly by the extent to which they are meaningfully differentiated from competing alternatives. Maintaining meaningful differentiation, in turn, is facilitated by ongoing development of creative marketing programs. Although marketplace observation reveals a general lack of creativity in the way established products are marketed, some product managers are able to devise creative marketing programs for their products. The authors test hypotheses concerning the effects of individual (i.e., product manager) and situational (i.e., planning process) characteristics on marketing program creativity. The findings reveal that marketing program creativity is a function of individual problem-solving inputs (e.g., knowledge of the marketing environment, diversity of experience, diversity of education), motivational factors (e.g., intrinsic motivation, risk taking), and situational factors (e.g., planning process formalization, interaction with others, time pressure).

scholarly journals PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY THROUGH CAR USE REDUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
FATAI YAKEEN ◽  
◽  
SEYED MOHAMMADREZA GHADIRI ◽  
RIZA TORKAN
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Sustainable Transportation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Car Use Reduction

Rising car ownership and use worldwide is in several respects a threat to the environment. Transport researchers and policymakers have suggested and implemented policy measures to reduce car use and encouraged pro-environmental travel behaviour. The success or failure of these policies depends on a robust understanding of the factors influencing car use behaviour and most importantly situational factors facilitating car use. A sound understanding of the situational factors is the key to the effectiveness and success of car use reduction policies. This study examines the importance of car use facilitating situational factors in the promotion of sustainable mobility in urban areas. Data were obtained in a cross-sectional survey of 691 motorists in Lagos, Nigeria through purposive sampling technique, while the data analysis was done using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated car access, time pressure and car use intention contributed 43% explained variance in car use behaviour. Car access had the largest direct effect on car use behaviour, followed by time pressure. Considering all the constructs in the model, car use intention was responsible for most of the variation in car use behaviour. The implications of the results from this study regarding the promotion of sustainable transportation and car use reduction are discussed.

scholarly journals The Philosophy Of Tri Kaya Parisudha Towards Auditor Pressure Phenomenon Of Audit Procedure Stopping

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Riski MARTINI ◽  
I Ketut Puja Wirya SANJAYA
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Audit Process ◽  
Public Accounting ◽  
Accounting Firms ◽  
Accounting Firm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

These cases of audit irregularities indicate a decrease in audit quality, which is caused by a dysfunctional audit behavior. This study discusses the factors that are thought to have an effect on premature termination of audit procedures, which can be caused by external factors related to situational factors during the audit process that will affect the behavior of auditors in conducting audits, namely time pressure and compliance pressure. In addition, the auditors' awareness and sensitivity in preventing or detecting fraud is influenced by the application of a noble local culture, which in Bali is known as the Tri Kaya Parisudha cultural concept. This research was conducted at a public accounting firm in Bali. The research time is 2021. The population of this research is 16 public accounting firms in Bali with 122 auditors. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that: time pressure and compliance pressure have a positive effect on premature audit procedures and the Tri Hita Karana philosophy is able to moderate the relationship between time pressure and adherence pressure on premature audit procedures.

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