scholarly journals Gender inequality in COVID-19 times: evidence from UK prolific participants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Sonia Oreffice ◽  
Climent Quintana-Domeque
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Future State ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

Abstract We investigate gender differences across multiple dimensions after 3 months of the first UK lockdown of March 2020, using an online sample of approximately 1,500 Prolific respondents’ residents in the UK. We find that women's mental health was worse than men along the four metrics we collected data on, that women were more concerned about getting and spreading the virus, and that women perceived the virus as more prevalent and lethal than men did. Women were also more likely to expect a new lockdown or virus outbreak by the end of 2020, and were more pessimistic about the contemporaneous and future state of the UK economy, as measured by their forecasted contemporaneous and future unemployment rates. We also show that between earlier in 2020 before the outbreak of the Coronavirus pandemic and June 2020, women had increased childcare and housework more than men. Neither the gender gaps in COVID-19-related health and economic concerns nor the gender gaps in the increase in hours of childcare and housework can be accounted for by a rich set of control variables. Instead, we find that the gender gap in mental health can be partially accounted for by the difference in COVID-19-related health concerns between men and women.

scholarly journals Gender inequality and national gender gaps in overconfidence

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249459
Author(s):  
Hayk Amirkhanyan ◽  
Michał Wiktor Krawczyk ◽  
Maciej Wilamowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Weak Relationship ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Using a large dataset of marathon runners, we estimate country- and gender-specific proxies for overconfidence. Subsequently, we correlate them with a number of indices, including various measures of gender equality. We find that in less gender-equal countries both males and females tend to be more self-confident than in more equal countries. While a substantial gender gap in overconfidence is observed, it only correlates with some sub-indices of gender equality. We conclude that there is likely a weak relationship between OC gender gap and gender inequality.

scholarly journals The mental health of military veterans in the UK

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Burdett ◽  
Neil Greenberg ◽  
Nicola T. Fear ◽  
Norman Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Mental Health Difficulties ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Not At Risk

Risk factors for poor mental health among UK veterans include demonstrating symptoms while in service, being unmarried, holding lower rank, experiencing childhood adversity and having a combat role; however, deploy ment to a combat zone does not appear to be associated with mental health outcomes. While presentation of late-onset, post-service difficulties may explain some of the difference between veterans and those in service, delayed-onset post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appears to be partly explained by prior subthreshold PTSD, as well as other mental health difficulties. In the longer term, veterans do not appear to suffer worse mental health than equivalent civilians. This overall lack of difference, despite increased mental health difficulties in those who have recently left, suggests that veterans are not at risk of worse mental health and/or that poor mental health is a cause, rather than a consequence, of leaving service.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244419
Author(s):  
Eugenio Proto ◽  
Climent Quintana-Domeque
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Mental Distress ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Health Deterioration ◽  
Gender Specific

We use the UK Household Longitudinal Study and compare pre-COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2019) and during-COVID-19 pandemic data (April 2020) for the same group of individuals to assess and quantify changes in mental health as measured by changes in the GHQ-12 (General Health Questionnaire), among ethnic groups in the UK. We confirm the previously documented average deterioration in mental health for the whole sample of individuals interviewed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, we find that the average increase in mental distress varies by ethnicity and gender. Both women –regardless of their ethnicity– and Black, Asian, and minority ethnic (BAME) men experienced a higher average increase in mental distress than White British men, so that the gender gap in mental health increases only among White British individuals. These ethnic-gender specific changes in mental health persist after controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Finally, we find some evidence that, among men, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani individuals have experienced the highest average increase in mental distress with respect to White British men.

Impact of pre-operative chemotherapy on the quality of life (QL) of patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Experience from the MRC LU22/NVALT/EORTC 08012 multicentre randomised trial

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9020-9020
Author(s):  
P. Hopwood ◽  
M. Nankivell ◽  
C. Pugh ◽  
D. Gilligan ◽  
M. Nicolson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk

9020 Aim: To evaluate QL during the first 2 years follow-up in patients randomised to receive 3 cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy (CT-S) prior to surgical resection of NSCLC compared to those receiving surgery alone (S). Methods: A total of 519 patients were entered into the LU22 trial from 70 centres in the UK, The Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. All patients were asked to complete the SF-36 QL questionnaire prior to randomisation and at 6 and 12 months then annually to 5 years. The scores from the SF-36 questionnaire were combined into 8 domains and also summarised as physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). The 6,12 and 24 month PCS and MCS scores were analysed using multivariable regression to identify prognostic factors and investigate the difference between the regimens. Results: 82% patients completed QL at baseline, and compliance at 6, 12 and 24 months was 59%, 60% and 67% respectively. Median age was 63 (range 25 to 79 years) and 72% were male. At 6 months patients in the S group reported somewhat better functioning in all domains except general health and mental health, but no differences were seen at 12 or 24 months. The regression analyses indicated that better physical health outcomes (PCS) were predicted by baseline PCS and MCS at all follow-up points (all p<0.05), whereas longer time since surgery predicted better PCS at 6 months (p<0.05), and younger age predicted better PCS at 24 months (p=0.07). For mental health, better MCS was predicted at all time points by baseline MCS (p<0.05). In addition, female gender (p=0.07), and PCS (p<0.05), were predictors at 6 months, and younger age predicted better MCS at 24 months (p<0.01). Treatment regimen had no effect on QL at any time point. At 1 and 2 years more than 50% patients considered their health comparable to others, and 45% were generally optimistic about their future health. Conclusions: Over 2 years follow-up, QL was not adversely affected by pre-operative chemotherapy and there were no significant differences between the regimens. Many patients saw themselves as fit as their contemporaries. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals On the persistence of mental health deterioration during the COVID-19 pandemic by sex and ethnicity in the UK: evidence from Understanding Society

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Climent Quintana-Domeque ◽  
Eugenio Proto
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Health Deterioration

We use longitudinal data from a representative sample of the UK and compare self-reported mental health, as measured by the GHQ-12 score, at three timepoints (2017-2019, April 2020 and March 2021), for the whole sample and by sex and ethnicity. Out of the 14,382 individuals interviewed in 2017-2019 and April 2020, 10,445 were interviewed again in March 2021. The mean GHQ-12 in April 2020 is 12.37 [95% CI: 12.22, 12.52] and in March 2021 is 12.36 [95% CI: 12.21, 12.51], above that in 2017-2019, 11.13 [95% CI: 10.99, 11.26]. We do not find evidence that the level of mental health goes back to pre-pandemic levels. In terms of inequalities, while the gender gap (mean difference between women and men) in mental health deterioration among White British is closing, there is no clear evidence that the ethnic gap (mean difference between ethnic minorities and White British) among men is changing.

scholarly journals Gender and Gender Mainstreaming In Engineering Education in Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 497-506
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Career Counselling ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Liberal Feminism ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Feminism Theory

In Africa, a lot of debates on the issues of gender gap and gender inequality has raised concerns in engineering education (EE) and engineering workforce. Thus, gender inequality and equity are significant in realizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and in recent years much has been done to address gender gaps, yet women are still excluded, underrepresented, segregated and relegated inengineering profession and academia. With much sensitization on gender equality, Africa is still far from addressing gender gaps in EE; hence the crux of this paper. This paper was guided by Liberal Feminism theory, focusing on women’s freedom as an autonomy to be free from coercive interference, due to‘gender system’ or patriarchal nature of inherited traditions and institutions. This paper takes a broad look at the concepts of gender and gender mainstreaming in EE in Africa. Specifically, it explores gender and inequality in EE and how gender mainstreaming canbe enacted to address gender gaps in EE, as well as its implications in Africa. Thus, to address these gaps, recommendations such as developing gendersensitive curriculum for EE, adopting policies in facilitating women’s access to training and employment opportunities as well as creating gender-sensitive career counselling were advocated

scholarly journals Proof-of-concept support for the development and implementation of a digital assessment for perinatal mental health: a mixed methods study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayra Anna Martin-Key ◽  
Benedetta Spadaro ◽  
Thea Sofie Schei ◽  
Sabine Bahn
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Perinatal Mental Health ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Mental Health Assessment ◽  
Digital Assessment ◽  
Mental Health Concerns ◽  
The Uk

BACKGROUND Perinatal mental health symptoms commonly remain underdiagnosed and undertreated in maternity care settings in the UK, with outbreaks of disease, like the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, further disrupting access to adequate mental health support. Digital technologies may offer an innovative way to support the mental health needs of women and their families throughout the perinatal period, as well as assist midwives in the recognition of perinatal mental health concerns. However, little is known about the acceptability and perceived benefits and barriers to using such technologies. OBJECTIVE To conduct a mixed methods evaluation of the current state of perinatal mental healthcare provision in the UK, as well as users’ (women and partners) and midwives’ interest in using a digital mental health assessment throughout the perinatal period. METHODS Eight hundred and twenty-nine women, 103 partners, and 90 midwives participated in the study, which entailed completing an online survey. Quantitative data were explored using descriptive statistics. Open-ended response data were first investigated using thematic analysis. Resultant themes were then mapped onto the components of the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Model of Behavior (COM-B model) and summarized using descriptive statistics. RESULTS The provision of adequate perinatal mental healthcare support was limited, with experiences varying significantly across respondents. There was a strong interest in using a digital mental health assessment to screen, diagnose, and triage perinatal mental health concerns, particularly among women and midwives. The digital assessment was seen to be well placed within maternity healthcare settings, with in-person only and blended care (i.e., in-person and remote support) approaches being preferred by women and partners in the event of further care being advised. Identified benefits and barriers mainly related to physical opportunity (e.g., accessibility), psychological capability (e.g., cognitive skills) and automatic motivation (e.g., emotions). CONCLUSIONS This study provides proof-of-concept support for the development and implementation of a digital mental health assessment to inform clinical decision-making in the assessment of perinatal mental health concerns in the UK.

scholarly journals Mental Health Concerns Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Twitter in the UK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiwei Zhang ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
Senqi Zhang ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Pin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Mental Health Concerns ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundAmid the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health-related symptoms (such as depression and anxiety) have been actively mentioned on social media.ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to monitor mental health concerns on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK), and assess the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health concerns of Twitter users.MethodsWe collected COVID-19 and mental health-related tweets from the UK between March 5, 2020 and January 31, 2021 through the Twitter Streaming API. We conducted topic modeling using Latent Dirichlet Allocation model to examine discussions about mental health concerns. Deep learning algorithms including Face++ were used to infer the demographic characteristics (age and gender) of Twitter users who expressed mental health concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsWe showed a positive correlation between COVID-19-related mental health concerns on Twitter and the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Geographic analysis showed that populated urban areas have a higher proportion of Twitter users with mental health concerns compared to England as a whole. Topic modeling showed that general concerns, COVID-19 skeptics, and Death toll were the top topics discussed in mental health-related tweets. Demographic analysis showed that middle-aged and older adults might be more likely to suffer from mental health issues or express their mental health concerns on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has noticeable effects on mental health concerns on Twitter in the UK, which varied among demographic and geographic groups.

scholarly journals Do Boys’ and Girls’ Daily Activities Differ? Cross-Country Evidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gracia ◽  
Joan Garcia-Roman ◽  
Tomi Oinas ◽  
Timo Anttila
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
The Uk

This study uses 2009-2015 time-diary data to examine gender differences in daily activities among children and adolescents aged 10-17 in Finland, Spain and the UK (N = 3,517). Gender differences in child time use are strong in all three countries. Boys are more involved in screen-based time and exercising, and girls in domestic work, non-screen educational time, personal care and socializing. The UK shows the largest gender differences in child time use, including domestic work (60% gender gap), exercising (57%), non-screen educational time (35%), screen-based time (31%), personal care (27%) and socializing (21%). Finland resembles the UK in domestic work (58% gap) and non-screen educational time (34%), showing smaller gender gaps in other activities, without significant gender differences with Spain and UK. Spain exhibits the smallest gender differences in child time use, with significant differences with the UK in screen-based time (16% gap), socializing (6%) and personal care (14%). Demographic and socioeconomic factors contribute little to explain these findings. While gender differences in child time use are moderately smaller in ‘egalitarian’ Finland than in ‘liberal’ UK, ‘family-oriented’ Spain presents interestingly the smallest gender gaps. The complex role of social contexts and life-course stages in shaping gendered activities is discussed.

scholarly journals The Family Separations You're Not Hearing About

AmeriQuests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
International Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cover Image ◽  
Family Separation ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Uk

In light of the backlash from the international community about United States' practice of family separation of the border, I look at the other countries with similar practices, notably Israel, India, Belize, Canada, the UK, and Norway. Although varying in scale and scope, each of these practices nonetheless has the potential to traumatize a child, damaging their future cognitize maturation. In addition to mental health concerns, the existence of alternatives to detention that have been successfully practiced in countries such as Belgium or Costa Rica give little reason to continue the practice of detaining families.  Cover image: Loren Elliott

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