scholarly journals An intelligent cross-border transaction system based on consortium blockchain: A case study in Shenzhen, China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252489
Author(s):  
Zhengtang Fu ◽  
Peiwu Dong ◽  
Siyao Li ◽  
Yanbing Ju
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Allocation System ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Profit Allocation ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
The World ◽  
New Framework

Cross-border transactions have been more and more popular around the world. However, the current cross-border transactions still have risks and challenges, e.g., differences in regulation policies and unbalanced profits of banks. To address this critical issue, we construct a new framework for the transaction system with the support of blockchain technology. In this paper, we propose a new consortium blockchain system, namely asymmetric consortium blockchain (ACB), to ensure the implementation of cross-border transactions. Different from traditional consortium blockchain, the new blockchain system could support the supernode to regulate all the transactions timely. Furthermore, the new smart contract is designed to lower the opportunity loss for each node and make the profits allocation system fairer. In the end, the numerical experiments were carried out based on the transactions of Shenzhen and Hong Kong. The results show that the proposed ACB system is efficient to make the profit allocation fairer for the participants and keep intelligent for the new cross-border transaction system.

scholarly journals “Could You, Would You, Should You?” Regulating Cross-Border Travel Through COVID-19 Soft Law in Finland

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44
Author(s):  
Emilia KORKEA-AHO ◽  
Martin SCHEININ
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Law Making

In the coronavirus pandemic that has swept the world, the Finnish Government, like many of its peers, has issued policy measures to combat the virus. Many of these measures have been implemented in law, including measures taken under the Emergency Powers Act, or by ministries and regional and local authorities exercising their legal powers. However, some governmental policy measures have been implemented using non-binding guidelines and recommendations. Using border travel recommendations as a case study, this article critically evaluates governmental soft law-making. The debacle over the use of soft law to fight the pandemic in Finland revealed fundamental misunderstandings about the processes and circumstances under which instruments conceived as soft law can be issued, as well as a lack of attention to their effects from a fundamental rights perspective.

scholarly journals Discussion on Payment Application in Cross-border E-Commerce Platform from the Perspective of Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 03020
Author(s):  
Qian Liao ◽  
Mimi Shao
Keyword(s):  
Information Leakage ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Cash Payment ◽  
Asymmetric Encryption ◽  
Further Development

Features like the distributed ledger, consensus mechanism, asymmetric encryption technology, smart contract and Token of blockchain can lower transaction cost, enhance trust between customers and merchants, as well as eliminate false payment and consumer information leakage, problems which are common in current payment of cross-border E-Commerce platform. Based on the analysis of existing scholars, this paper studied two payment models: digital cash payment based on blockchain technology and the application of blockchain in third-party payment platform. Then the paper discussed the mechanism of blockchain in cross-border e-commerce payment platform, and creatively proposed a blockchain cross-border e-commerce payment platform, serving as reference and guidance for further development of blockchain technology in cross-border payment.1

Electronic Voting Application Powered by Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 230-246
Author(s):  
Geetanjali Rathee ◽  
Hemraj Saini
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Election Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

India is the largest democracy in the world, and in spite of that, it faces various challenges on a daily basis that hinder its growth like corruption and human rights violations. One of the ugliest phases of corruption and political mayhem is visible during the election process where no stone is kept unturned in order to gain power. However, it is the common citizen who suffers most in terms of clarity as well as security when it comes to his/her vote. Blockchain can play a very important role in ensuring that the voters registering their votes are legit and the counting of votes is not manipulated in any way. It is also needed in today's times where the world is available to people in their smart phones to also give them the opportunity to register their votes hassle free via their smart phones without having to worry about the system getting hacked. Therefore, in this chapter, the proposed layout will be based on a smart contract, using Ethereum software to create an e-voting app. In this chapter, the authors have proposed a secure e-voting framework through blockchain mechanism.

scholarly journals A Supplementary Tool for Web-archiving Using Blockchain Technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
John E. De Villiers ◽  
André P. Calitz
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Uniform Resource Locator ◽  
Web Archiving ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Formidable Challenge ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Tool ◽  
The Web

The usefulness of a uniform resource locator (URL) on the World Wide Web is reliant on the resource being hosted at the same URL in perpetuity. When URLs are altered or removed, this results in the resource, such as an image or document, being inaccessible. While web-archiving projects seek to prevent such a loss of online resources, providing complete backups of the web remains a formidable challenge. This article outlines the initial development and testing of a decentralised application (DApp), provisionally named Repudiation Chain, as a potential tool to help address these challenges presented by shifting URLs and uncertain web-archiving. Repudiation Chain seeks to make use of a blockchain smart contract mechanism in order to allow individual users to contribute to web-archiving. Repudiation Chain aims to offer unalterable assurance that a specific file and its URL existed at a given point in time—by generating a compact, non-reversible representation of the file at the time of its non-repudiation. If widely adopted, such a tool could contribute to decentralisation and democratisation of web-archiving.

scholarly journals Blockchain-Enabled Trade Finance Innovation: A Potential Paradigm Shift on Using Letter of Credit

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuchih Ernest Chang ◽  
Hueimin Louis Luo ◽  
YiChian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Trade Finance ◽  
Letter Of Credit ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Smart Contract

This paper explores a potential paradigm shift in trade finance utilizing blockchain technology. Traditionally, the centralized operating model has governed trade finance and the manner in which traders handle business processes. However, such heavy reliance on centralized authorities has made for poor performance, the lack of flexibility and transparency, and vulnerability to malicious alteration. The blockchain, as a distributed ledger technology (DLT), has attracted growing attention and has the potential to disrupt legacy finance procedures such as payment by letter of credit (L/C). International trade players may benefit from the technological reengineering of financial processes through the implementation of blockchain- and smart contract-based platforms. From the conceptual perspective of a paradigm shift, this study analyzes the feasibility of blockchain innovation in trade finance through modern blockchain-based L/C initiatives. Moreover, this study also explores blockchain applications in terms of logistics tracking and how it integrates with trade finance procedures. This study contributes to the understanding of a blockchain paradigm shift with a multi-case study. The results may illuminate the potential future application of blockchain finance and provide researchers with an illustrative example of other finance-related capabilities. Studies of trade-related topics such as customs clearances, insurance, and logistics applications need to be addressed in the future to create a comprehensively trustless environment and facilitate the automation of trade.

A Triplicate Smart Contract Model using Blockchain Technology

2017 ◽  
Vol DC CPS 2017 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Eze ◽  
Tochukwu Eziokwu ◽  
Chinedu Okpara
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
Block Chain ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
Technical Model ◽  
Digital Assets ◽  
New Framework

An emergent use of the blockchain technology is to enable the transfer of digital assets between two parties. An extension to this is the Smart Property in which physical assets could be transferred too. Another extension is the exchange of services of all kinds in form of digitally executed contracts. In this paper, the problems with existing attempts to implement an all-inclusive smart contract platform were identified and a new framework proposed. In this framework, the technical and legal terms of any contract could be executed digitally if prepared with appropriate legal prose and required parameters for each of the terms of the contract. The cores of the framework are the technical, business and legal models, which are connected to each other. The technical model adapts block chain technology while ensuring granularity in implementing the terms of the contract as presented by the legal model using legal prose and necessary parameters. Using the proposed framework, some questions that have persisted with current implementation of Smart contracts that involves the blockchain were answered. The framework improves the efficiency and practicability of using smart contract for physical assets and non-financial services with emphasis. The contribution is mainly on ensuring an adoptable and practicable smart contract platform.

scholarly journals Efficient Concurrent Execution of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Sharding

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Yan Wang ◽  
Jixin Li ◽  
Wansheng Liu ◽  
Aiping Tan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Concurrency Control ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Throughput Performance ◽  
Concurrent Execution ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Execution Strategy ◽  
Feature Information

Throughput performance is a critical issue in blockchain technology, especially in blockchain sharding systems. Although sharding proposals can improve transaction throughput by parallel processing, the essence of each shard is still a small blockchain. Using serial execution of smart contract transactions, performance has not significantly improved, and there is still room for improvement. A smart contract concurrent execution strategy based on concurrency degree optimization is proposed for performance optimization within a single shard. This strategy is applied to each shard. First, it characterizes the conflicting contract feature information by executing a smart contract, analyzing the factors that affect the concurrent execution of the smart contracts, and clustering the contract transaction. Second, in shards with high transaction frequency, considering the execution time, conflict rate, and available resources of contract transactions, finding a serializable schedule of contract transactions by redundant computation and a Variable Shadow Speculative Concurrency Control (SCC-VS) algorithm for smart contract scheduling is proposed. Finally, experimental results show that the strategy increases the concurrency of smart contract execution by 39% on average and the transaction throughput of the whole system by 21% on average.

scholarly journals Blockchain Technology Trends in G20 Countries: The Case of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Husam AlFahl
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Technology Trends ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

This study aims to explore the usage trends of blockchain technology in the G20 countries, with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia. As an emerging technology, blockchain is already being widely used in a number of industries including in the financial and supply chain sectors. For the purpose of this research, a questionnaire was developed to explore the adoption trends of blockchain technology in Saudi organizations. Saudi Arabia was chosen to be the case study for the research topic, as it is one of the largest oil producers in the world and holds the presidency of the G20 in 2020. The results of the study showed that some organizations in Saudi do not currently intend to implement blockchain technology and there is a lack of knowledge in some industries about this technology. Some of the obstacles preventing blockchain technology adoption were also identified.

Cross-border Shopping Tourism: A Switzerland-Germany Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Doug Ramsey ◽  
Tatanja Thimm ◽  
Leonie Hehn
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Intercept Survey ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Emerging Issues

AbstractBorder issues continue to be of interest in tourism literature, most significantly that which focusses on cross-border shopping (e.g., currency values, taxation, security). Borders as destinations are recognized in this area but the notion of shopping as a destination is perhaps less acknowledged. Following a review of the relevant literature, including the presentation of a table summarizing key areas of cross-border tourism research around the world, this paper presents a unique example of a border region with two-way traffic for cross-border shopping tourism: the border between Germany and Switzerland. The particular case is where two cities meet at the border: Konstanz, Germany and Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. An intercept survey and key informant interviews were conducted in both communities in the spring of 2015. The results indicate high levels of traffic for various products and services. And while residents are generally satisfied with cross-border shopping in their communities, there are emerging issues related to volume and, in particular, too many in Konstanz and not enough in Kreuzlingen. The paper concludes with a discussion that includes the development of a model cross-border shopping tourism that recognizes the multiple layers in space and destination. The paper concludes with a proposal to further investigate the particular issues related to the volume on both sides of borders where cross-border shopping is the destination.

scholarly journals Managing charity 4.0 with Blockchain: a case study at the time of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adalberto Rangone ◽  
Luca Busolli
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Benchmark Analysis ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Innovative Solutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Function ◽  
Historical Moment

AbstractThe Covid-19 emergency is demonstrating the need to follow new solutions that can support the important role played by non-profit organizations around the world. Contrary to what should have happened to further combat the effect of pandemic, the majority of philanthropic organisations had a negative impact on fundraising, suffering a substantial decrease. Today, the Blockchain can play a pivotal role to re-establish pre-pandemic standards and enhance the development of global philanthropy. However, it is still too little considered due to the criticalities encountered during the launch and development of the initiatives as well as for a general incomprehension of its technology. Therefore, this work aims to demonstrate the Blockchain impact on the development of charity 4.0, especially in an extremely dramatic historical moment marked by the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective is achieved through the case study of Charity Wall, an emerging Italian social marketplace appreciated by important business associations for its innovative solutions in the charity 4.0 sector and for the important support provided to NPOs during their traditional function as well as against Covid-19 in Italy. Through a benchmark analysis, this work succeeds in highlighting the innovative solutions proposed by Charity Wall compared to the charity 4.0 systems on the market. More specifically, through the Charity Wall case study it is possible to demonstrate which aspects of Blockchain technology can be used to strengthen the philanthropic system by avoiding cases of fraud to the detriment of beneficiaries, receivers and donors as well as to create a closer network between the various philanthropic players to support charitable initiatives against the Covid-19.

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