Missing in Action: The Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol and the WTO

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula O’BRIEN
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Missing In Action ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol

This article addresses the question of how the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol (Global Strategy) and its Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) have been used in the context of discussions about alcohol and tobacco measures, respectively, in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade. The article finds considerable differences not only in the extent to which the FCTC is used compared to the Global Strategy , but also in the ways in which the two global health instruments have been used in the WTO context. The article proffers three key reasons for these differences: the legal status of the instrument; the content of the instrument in terms of whether it contains guidance as to the use of detailed, evidence-based measures; and the role and legitimacy that the instrument accords to the relevant industry interests. The article considers how the insights from the research can inform the developments in global governance of alcohol that are underway in WHO policy. It also positions its findings in terms of the wider international law debates about hard law versus soft law, and whether different types of international regulatory instruments and the legal status of these instruments impact their effectiveness in supporting domestic public health measures.

scholarly journals Тhe impact of alcohol abuse on the development of non-communicable diseases (analytical review)

Public Health ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-61
Author(s):  
T. V. Kaigorodova ◽  
I. A. Kryukova
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol

The harmful use of alcohol is a risk factor for the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes and others. In addition to morbidity, alcohol abuse increases mortality, especially at young ages. An important characteristic is the frequency and amount of alcohol consumed by a person. The more often and more a person abuses alcohol, the higher the risk of developing NCDs and the mortality rate. Purpose of the study: analysis of publications of the World Health Organization and scientific publications of foreign researchers on the influence of alcohol on the development of non-communicable diseases.Materials and research methods. Content analysis of documents of the World Health Organization and foreign studies on the assessment of the impact of alcohol In total, 48 documents of international organizations were analyzed, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations (UN), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-IARC) and the World Bank, as well as 211 scientific publications. Of these, 19 documents were selected, which included materials from WHO, UN, IARC and the World Bank on the impact of alcohol abuse on health, and 63 scientific publications on this topic. Selection criterion: the content in the documents of materials that adequately describe the impact of alcohol abuse on health as a risk factor for the development of various diseases.Results. An analysis of the documents and publications presented revealed a large massif of evidence that the harmful use of alcohol is a causal factor in the development of a number of noncommunicable diseases, an increase in mortality and disability at earlier stages of life, and the development of a link between harmful use of alcohol and a number of mental and behavioral disorders.

scholarly journals Meeting the Global NCD Target of at Least 10% Relative Reduction in the Harmful Use of Alcohol: Is the WHO European Region on Track?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Jakob Manthey ◽  
Maria Neufeld ◽  
Jürgen Rehm ◽  
João Breda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Region ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol

Background: The Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases set the target of an “at least 10% relative reduction in the harmful use of alcohol, as appropriate, within the national context”. This study investigated progress in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region towards this target based on two indicators: (a) alcohol per capita consumption (APC) and (b) the age-standardized prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (HED). Methods: Alcohol exposure data for the years 2010–2017 were based on country-validated data and statistical models. Results: Between 2010 and 2017, the reduction target for APC has been met with a decline by −12.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) −17.2, −7.0%) in the region. This progress differed greatly across the region with no decline for the EU-28 grouping (−2.4%; 95% CI −12.0, 7.8%) but large declines for the Eastern WHO EUR grouping (−26.2%; 95% CI −42.2, −8.1%). Little to no progress was made concerning HED, with an overall change of −1.7% (−13.7% to 10.2%) in the WHO European Region. Conclusions: The findings indicate a divergence in alcohol consumption reduction in Europe, with substantial progress in the Eastern part of the region and very modest or no progress in EU countries.

scholarly journals Vaccines Against Different Types of Cancer: Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Aparecida Tiemi Nagao Dias ◽  
◽  
Ellen Oliveira Melo ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dendritic Cell Vaccines ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Quadrivalent Vaccines

According to the World Health Organization, in 2018, cancer was considered the second leading cause of death in the world, corresponding to 9.6 million deaths. Faced with this situation, some alternatives to combat tumors in some organs were developed, such as immunotherapy involving vaccines. Among the vaccines already developed, Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®) can be mentioned, that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2010 for cases of metastatic prostate cancer; prophylactic bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines to human papillomavirus; the nanoparticulate liposomal RNA vaccine, the melanoma FixVac (BNT111); peptide-based vaccines, such as carcinoembryonic antigen, and those that involve antigen-loaded dendritic cells for the treatment of colorectal cancer, as well as colorectal cancer stem cell-based vaccines and, for cases of ovarian cancer, dendritic cell vaccines. In relation to breast cancer, research is aimed at both immunotherapy with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor antigens and vaccines that have a combined therapy of dendritic cells and Natural Killer cells. In general, vaccines promote the induction of helper and cytotoxic cells to thereby eliminate tumor cells. This characteristic of using dendritic cells with tumor antigens already processed and presented on the cell surface allows the questioning about the use of the term “vaccine”, since it does not correspond to conventional vaccines. Thus, the studies carried out in this area of immunotherapy, although complex and expensive, show promise in the treatment of several types of cancer, with great possibilities of positively impacting the lives of all those who suffer from the disease.

Die Globale Strategie zur Reduktion schädlichen Alkoholkonsums:

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Member States ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Alcohol Related Harm ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol ◽  
Per Capita Consumption ◽  
Related Harm

Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol: First Step towards an Alcohol Framework Convention? English Summary: At the 61st World Health Assembly, the 193 member states discussed and ratified the global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Firstly, 10 target areas have been identified within the strategy and alcohol policy should be structured according to these areas. The contribution of Anderson (2011) discusses these target areas with respect to supporting empirical evidence and policy implications. The final target area is Monitoring and Surveillance, and the other two contributions fall under this topic. Shield, Rehm, Patra & Rehm (2011) provide an overview of worldwide adult per capita consumption. Per capita consumption is associated indirectly to alcohol-related harm: as higher consumption generally leads to more harm, but the level of association varies according to economic indicators. Countries with lower GDP PPP experience more harm as they have more risks associated to alcohol such as infectious diseases like tuberculosis and/or a less developed health care system. The last contribution to this topic focuses solely on Germany and includes both health as well as social consequences ( Kraus, Piontek, Pabst & Bühringer, 2011 ). It needs to be recognized that the global strategy contains merely suggestions that are not binding to any of the member states. It is not yet shown whether this strategy is enough to combat the rising global alcohol-related harm and there have been suggestions to adopt a more binding form of international arrangement such as the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control.

scholarly journals Design of a Prevention System of Frontal Car Crashes for "SACH" Cars

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 663-672
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Rissetto ◽  
Miguel Prat
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Mortality Index ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Prevention System ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Frontal Collisions

According to the World Health Organization, the number of traffic accidents worldwide reaches 1.25 million people involved in them. This is one of the main causes of death of people between 15 and 29 years old. Most of these deaths are in emergent countries where the rapid economic development has occurred together with an increased use of vehicles. Apart from being a public health issue, the injuries caused by these accidents are an economic-like problem especially in low and medium income countries where their GDP shows about a 3% economical decrease. Argentine has one of the highest mortality index in the world. In 2017 there were 7.213 deaths (provisional figure obtained up to January 11, 2018). This shows a daily rate of 20 deaths and a month rate of 600 deaths. These indexes raise the need of solving this problem including about 120.000 injured people which occurred annually and the significant material losses. This project comes out with the design of a device to place in old and new cars in order to prevent frontal collisions in Argentine roads, especially in roads with only two lines. This system will first join different types of cameras and sensors operated with a software that will alert the driver in advance in various ways, for example, when a vehicle is coming frontally and the overtake is not possible. The devise could use other technologies such as chips (RID types or similar ones), GPS, laser lights and others considered appropriate to make the device more complete, effective and economically accessible.

scholarly journals Online dashboard and data analysis approach for assessing COVID-19 case and death data

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Florez ◽  
Sweta Singh
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Death Data

The 2019-2020 global pandemic has been caused by a disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease has been caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). By April 30 2020, the World Health Organization reported 3,096,626 cases and 217,896 deaths, which implies an exponential growth for infection and deaths worldwide. Currently, there are various computer-based approaches that present COVID-19 data through different types of charts, which is very useful to recognise its behavior and trends. Nevertheless, such approaches do not allow for observation of any projection regarding confirmed cases and deaths, which would be useful to understand the trends of COVID-19. In this work, we have designed and developed an online dashboard that presents actual information about COVID-19. Furthermore, based on this information, we have designed a mathematical model in order to make projections about the evolution of cases and deaths worldwide and by country.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis elimination: where are we now?

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (148) ◽  
pp. 180035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Matteelli ◽  
Adrian Rendon ◽  
Simon Tiberi ◽  
Seif Al-Abri ◽  
Constantia Voniatis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Directly Observed Therapy ◽  
Incident Case ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Short Course ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) still represents a major public health issue in spite of the significant impact of the efforts made by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners to improve its control. In 2014 WHO launched a new global strategy (End TB) with a vision of a world free of TB, and a 2035 goal of TB elimination (defined as less than one incident case per million). The aim of this article is to summarise the theoretical bases of the End TB Strategy and to analyse progresses and persistent obstacles on the way to TB elimination.The evolution of the WHO recommended strategies of TB control (Directly Observed Therapy, Short Course (DOTS), Stop TB and End TB) are described and the concept of TB elimination is discussed. Furthermore, the eight core activities recently proposed by WHO as the milestones to achieve TB elimination are discussed in detail. Finally, the recently published experiences of Cyprus and Oman on their way towards TB elimination are described, together with the regional experience of Latin America.New prevention, diagnostic and treatment tools are also necessary to increase the speed of the present TB incidence decline.

scholarly journals Aerosol blocking assessment by different types of fabrics for homemade respiratory masks: spectroscopy and imaging study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Foschini ◽  
ADAMO FG MONTE ◽  
Ana CM Mendes ◽  
Renata J Scarabucci ◽  
Alexandre Maletta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Study ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Batch Fabrication ◽  
Aerosol Scattering ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Health Organization

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is no agreement, until the current date, about the recommendations of homemade face mask use for the general population, and one of the reasons is a lack of information about their real protective rule on spreading aerosols and viruses. This is a comparative study regarding the relative efficiencies of commercial respiratory masks (medical masks) and homemade fabric masks, which may guide authorities across the globe, following the 'Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19', by the World Health Organization. We described two optical methodologies for charactering respiratory masks. It happens that the aerosol scattering coefficient is linear as a function of its concentration inside the mask chamber. Quantitative optical properties of scattering for a large batch fabrication of masks were demonstrated, making the mask N95 suitable for use as a reference standard.

Global and Country Specific Adult per capita Consumption of Alcohol, 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Shield ◽  
Maximillien Rehm ◽  
Jaydeep Patra ◽  
Bundit Sornpaisarn ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Harmful Use Of Alcohol ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Aims: Alcohol is a substantial risk factor for mortality and the burden of disease globally. In accordance with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we estimated recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita consumption by country and WHO sub-region for 2008, and characterized the association between per capita consumption of alcohol and gross domestic product (GDP-PPP) per capita. Methods: Using data from the Global Information System on Alcohol and Health database ( World Health Organization, 2010 a) and the 2005 Global Burden of Disease study ( Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2010 ) on adult per capita consumption of alcohol, we estimated recorded adult per capita consumption for 2008 through time series analyses for 189 countries within WHO sub-regions, and then from these estimates calculated recorded adult per capita consumption estimates for each of the WHO sub-regions. Estimates for populations were obtained for 2008 from the United Nations Populations Division. 2008 GDP-PPP data by country (N = 178) were obtained from the International Monetary Fund. Results: Adult per capita consumption of alcohol in 2008 is estimated to have been 6.04 litres (95 % CI: 4.43 to 7.65). This can be broken down into 4.39 l (95 % CI: 3.72 to 4.86) of recorded per capita consumption of alcohol, 1.75 l (95 %CI: 0.25 to 3.25) of unrecorded per capita consumption of alcohol, and 0.00 l (95 %CI: 0.00 to 0.129) per capita consumption of alcohol consumed by tourists. Adult per capita consumption was highest for the European regions and lowest for the Eastern Mediterranean region. Total adult per capita consumption of alcohol showed an increase as GDP-PPP increased until approximately 15,000 international dollars of GDP-PPP per capita. Recorded consumption showed a general increase with GDP-PPP. Unrecorded consumption showed a U-shaped association with GDP-PPP per capita, with countries with the lowest and highest GDP-PPPs per capita having the lowest unrecorded adult per capita consumption of alcohol. Conclusions: In accordance with the WHO’s global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, we present estimates of the recorded, unrecorded, tourist, and total adult per capita alcohol consumption for 189 countries and the 14 WHO sub-regions. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of alcohol consumption are imperative for monitoring and developing effective strategies to control the large and increasing global alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury.

scholarly journals Status Hukum Khitan Perempuan (Perdebatan Pandangan Ulama dan Permenkes RI No.1636/MENKES/PER/XI/2010)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Aisyatul Azizah
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Female Circumcision ◽  
Health Agency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Ministry ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Organization

Khitan bagi laki-laki adalah wajib. Hal ini berbeda dengan khitan perempuan. Permasalahan ini menuai kontroversi baik terkait praktik dan status hukum. Polemik besar bergulir pasca Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) berfatwa No. 9A tahun 2008. Legal himbauan ini mengatur pelarangan khitan terhadap perempuan. Pelarangan juga dimaklumatkan WHO (World Health Organitation), badan kesehatan dunia ini mengungkapkan dampak negatif pada praktik khitan perempuan. Data 140 juta perempuan mengalami pendarahan, gangguan buang air kecil, kista, dan kemandulan akibat berkhitan. LSM kemudian memvonis khitan perempuan berbahaya. Larangan tanpa tegas pada khitan perempuan juga diterbitkan kementerian Kesehatan yang membatalkan Permenkes Nomor 1636/MENKES/PER/XI/2010 dengan Permenkes Nomor 6 Tahun 2014. Hal ini menjadikan aturan khitan perempuan kurang jelas dimasyarakat. Dalam status Hukum Positif dan agama,tidak ada pelarangan maupun penganjuran secara mutlak. Namun demikian, khitan perempuan merupakan tradisi yangdipercaya sebagai penyempurna agama dalamajaran pada prilaku kesopanan. Di Indonesia, khitan perempuan dirayakan khusus dan sebagai argumen pelestarian adat dan budaya.[Circumcision for men is mandatory in Islamic Syari’ah. It is different from female circumcision. The issue is reaping controversy both practice and legal status. Public polemics is one reason in the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) fatwa No. 9A of 2008. The law stipulates the prohibition of female circumcision. The prohibition is announced by the WHO (World Health Organization), the world health agency that reveals negative things in female circumcision. Data on 140 million women experienced bleeding, urination problems, cysts, and infertility due to circumcision. NGOs is the next convicted female circumcision as a dangerous practice. Health Ministry also published an unequivocal prohibition on female circumcision, which canceled the Ministry rule (Permenkes) No. 1636 / MENKES / PER / XI / 2010 with Permenkes No. 6/2014. It makes the concept of rules for female circumcision less clear in society. In the status of positive law and religion, there is no absolute prohibition or recommendation. However, female circumcision is a culture believed as a religious accomplishment to make polite women. In Indonesia, female circumcision is special celebrations and argument for the preservation of tradition and culture.] 

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