Rethinking Racial, Ethnoracial, and Imperial Categories: Key Concepts in Comparative Race Studies in the History of Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-669
Author(s):  
Kim Cary Warren
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Native American ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Educational Leaders ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native American Tribes ◽  
American Teacher ◽  
American Educator

While researching racially segregated education, I came across speeches delivered in the 1940s by two educational leaders—one a black man and the other a Native American man. G. B. Buster, a longtime African American teacher, implored his African American listeners to work with white Americans on enforcing equal rights for all. A few years before Buster delivered his speech, Henry Roe Cloud (Winnebago), a Native American educator, was more critical of white Americans, specifically the federal government, which he blamed for destroying American Indian cultures. At the same time, Roe Cloud praised more recent federal efforts to preserve cultural practices, study traditions before they completely disappeared, and encourage self-government among Native American tribes.

Algonquian Diasporas

Memory Lands ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. DeLucia
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
New England ◽  
Atlantic World ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Community Members ◽  
King Philip's War ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native American Tribes

This chapter examines how King Philip’s War gave rise to a significant but often ignored or misperceived history of bondage, enslavement, and diaspora that took Native Americans far from their northeast homelands, and subjected them to a range of brutal conditions across an Atlantic World. It focuses on Algonquians’ transits into captivity as a consequence of the war, and historicizes this process within longer trajectories of European subjugation of Indigenous populations for labor. The chapter examines how Algonquian individuals and families were forcibly placed into New England colonial as well as Native communities at the war’s conclusion, and how others were transported out of the region for sale across the Atlantic World. The case of King Philip’s wife and son is especially complex, and the chapter considers how traditions around their purported sale into slavery in Bermuda interact with challenging racial politics and archival traces. Modern-day “reconnection” events have linked St. David’s Island community members in Bermuda to Native American tribes in New England. The chapter also reflects on wider dimensions of this Algonquian diaspora, which likely brought Natives to the Caribbean, Azores, and Tangier in North Africa, and propelled Native migrants/refugees into Wabanaki homelands.

’Garde ici et ’garde lá-bas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Native American ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
Dance Music ◽  
The Core ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores the history of the Creole accordion. Black Creoles in Louisiana have created their own, distinctive accordion music adapted from French, Native American, and African cultures. While Creole musicians in the early twentieth century were often hired for Cajun dances, where they played Cajun dance music, at their own gatherings they played a uniquely Creole repertoire that drew from the African American blues—a repertoire later developed by accordionists such Clifton Chenier and Boozoo Chavis. Zydeco, as this music eventually was labeled, has become a symbol of Louisiana Creole culture. It is argued that despite the pressure on modern zydeco bands to adapt to the demands of the music industry, the traditional accordion and rubboard remain the core instruments, and zydeco accordionists keep playing in a distinctively Creole style.

The Prevalence of Sexual Abuse Among Adolescents in School

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Saewyc ◽  
Sandra Pettingell ◽  
Lara L. Magee
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
African American ◽  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Asian American ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian American Youth

Sexual abuse is a profound stressor that complicates the development and health of adolescents, yet its prevalence has been difficult to estimate among adolescents in school populations. This study explored the prevalence of both incest and nonfamily abuse in 2 cohorts of adolescents in Minnesota in the 1990s (1992: N = 77,374; 1998: N = 81,247). Findings indicate that sexual abuse was reported by both boys and girls and among students of all ethnic groups. Approximately 10% of adolescents reported sexual abuse in each cohort, with girls 5 times more likely to report abuse than boys. Ethnic variation was minor, with African American, Native American, and Hispanic teens slightly more likely to report abuse than White or Asian American youth. School nurses should routinely assess for a history of sexual abuse in adolescents and should be prepared to provide support and referral for abused students and their families.). Findings indicate that sexual abuse was reported by both boys and girls and among students of all ethnic groups. Approximately 10% of adolescents reported sexual abuse in each cohort, with girls 5 times more likely to report abuse than boys. Ethnic variation was minor, with African American, Native American, and Hispanic teens slightly more likely to report abuse than White or Asian American youth. School nurses should routinely assess for a history of sexual abuse in adolescents and should be prepared to provide support and referral for abused students and their families.

The Ponca Tribe of Nebraska: The Process of Restoration of a Federally Terminated Tribe

1992 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Grobsmith ◽  
Beth Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native American Tribes ◽  
Government Data

The Northern Ponca, a small Plains farming and hunting tribe were legislatively terminated as a federally recognized tribe in 1962. Less than a decade after their termination, they reorganized in an attempt to reverse this decision, and proceeded with legal action to restore their status as a federally recognized tribe. During the 30-year period during which their federal status was lost, their population dispersed, their economic status, health, and general welfare declined, and their ability to practice their culture diminished. This article documents their efforts to restore their federally recognized tribal status, which would enable them to resume eligibility for services to which other Native American tribes are entitled. Following a review of aboriginal Ponca culture and the history of their relations with the United States government, data on the contemporary Northern Ponca are presented. The complex process of achieving restoration is outlined, from the formation of a non-profit tribal corporation to the development of the Ponca Restoration Act. The authors have served, as consultants to and witnesses for the tribe and assisted in preparation of materials for use by the federal government. The Ponca Restoration Act was signed by President Bush on October 31, 1990.

scholarly journals Vampires and Werewolves: Rewriting Religious and Racial Stereotyping in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight Series

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-211
Author(s):  
Georgina Ledvinka
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Family Values ◽  
American People ◽  
Latter Day Saints ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Book Of Mormon ◽  
Lds Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twilight Series

Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series (2005–8) demonstrates a strong connection with the theology, cultural practices and history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), of which Meyer is an active member. One of the strongest ways in which this connection is demonstrated is through characterisation: specifically, by featuring vampires and werewolves as prominent supernatural characters in the text. Twilight employs vampires as a metaphor for the LDS Church. By eschewing literature's traditional association of vampires with subversive acts, especially subversive sexuality, and rewriting them as clean-cut pillars of the community, Twilight not only charts but promotes the progression of Latter-day Saints from nineteenth century social pariahs to modern day exemplars of conservative American family values. The series represents its Native American shapeshifting werewolves as an ancient group of people from LDS scriptural history called Lamanites, who were cursed by God with ‘a skin of blackness’ for their ‘iniquity’ (Book of Mormon, 2 Nephi 5:21). The construction of the werewolves as impoverished and socially marginalised yet with strong family ties enables the treatment of race in Twilight to move beyond a standard white/non-white binary frame to engage at a deeper level with LDS stereotyping of Native American people.

Jockomo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Lief ◽  
John McCusker
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Mardi Gras ◽  
Language History ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Indian Tradition ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Reconstruction Era ◽  
History Of

This book represents the very first publication to explore how Native American traditions have influenced the history of New Orleans music over the past three centuries, specifically how this connection has culminated in the Mardi Gras Indian cultural system. In addition to including the perspectives of the cultural participants themselves, this book draws upon manuscripts and archives from the earliest days of the French colony of Louisiana, providing a range of views on how the Mardi Gras Indian tradition developed. A number of linguistic analyses focus on Native terms which are significant for regional language history. By showing these Native roots, the authors give empirical evidence for a much earlier origin for the Mardi Gras Indian tradition than has previously been recognized in conventional New Orleans historiography. A series of archival images and contemporary photographs help the reader to visualize the transformations of public life in New Orleans, including musical processions in the streets of the city during Mardi Gras celebrations. The complex background of the “American Indian” icon is also recognized as a component in how Mardi Gras Indians have developed their cultural practices over time. Key political events and time periods, such as the Civil War and the Reconstruction era that followed, are indispensable to understanding how the Mardi Gras Indians emerged in New Orleans during the nineteenth century. This book features rare images, such as the first known photograph of Mardi Gras Indians, giving the reader a more complete audiovisual journey through New Orleans history.

Surmounting Adversities in the Land of Lincoln

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Fennell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sundown Towns ◽  
Almost All

The history of New Philadelphia illustrates significant elements of the systemic impacts of racism on citizens and communities in the United States. Similar experiences are presented in the development of other communities that struggled against such adversities. This chapter examines additional case studies of structural racism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Illinois. In his study of “sundown towns,” James Loewen found that many Illinois towns engaged in extensive discrimination in this period. Such sundown jurisdictions permitted African Americans access to their terrain as laborers during the day, but not as residents. His research showed that “almost all all-white towns and counties in Illinois were all-white on purpose” by the early twentieth century. In contrast, other communities embodied African-American aspirations. Fennell examines such racial dynamics using examples from archaeological and historical analysis of three more African-American communities in Illinois: Miller Grove, Brooklyn, and the Equal Rights settlement outside of Galena.

The Myth of Tribal Sovereignty: An Analysis of Native American Tribal Status in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algeria R. Ford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Tribal Sovereignty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Native American Tribes ◽  
State Rights ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThis article will first explore the history of Native American relations with the United States, examining early treatment of tribal nations by the U.S. government. It will then discuss the idea of sovereignty, more specifically as it relates to Native American tribes. The argument section rejects the idea that Native American Tribes are Sovereign Nations, explains why their current status is more akin to that of “States” by highlighting the similarities between state rights and current Native American, but concludes that native tribes are really quasi-states because they lack protection under the idea of federalism. The final section will discuss native views on the topic.

scholarly journals Trauma, Repressed Memory, and the Question of ‘Authenticity’: Reading see Under: Love and Beloved Through Bhabha

MANUSYA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Phrae Chittiphalangsri
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Magical Realism ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Early History ◽  
White Americans ◽  
Repressed Memory ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of

Trauma and the repressed memory of Jewish Holocaust survivors and African- American slaves are issues that require the notion of ‘authenticity’ in fictional representation. The Zionist discourse demands that Holocaust fictions be written by true witnesses of the genocide and with respectful seriousness, for the Holocaust is a sacred, incomparable phenomenon in Jewish history. In the same manner, the Black American narrative needs authenticity to articulate the Black’s own voice, which has been predominately constructed by White Americans since the early history of America. David Grossman’s See Under: Love (1999) nevertheless deals with the problem of ‘authenticity’ in describing the Holocaust, despite the fact that the writer never experienced the Holocaust directly and even wrote it in a postmodern, humorous, and fantastic manner. Likewise, Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987) introduces a new way to write an authentic African- American narrative, i.e. magical realism. This essay explores the problem of authenticity by applying Homi K. Bhabha’s cultural theory to analyse it in four parts. The first part investigates the causes and the culturally specific backgrounds of the Zionist and the American Africanist’s views towards ‘authenticity’ in literary representation. The second part clarifies the argument by situating ‘authenticity’ in Bhabha’s framework of the pedagogical. The third part furthers the argument by detailing the performative use of the fantastic and magical realism to render the effect of liminality. The last part concludes the notion of ‘authenticity’ by pointing out the supplementary aspect of Bhabha’s theory when applied to the two novels.

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