WE SHOULDN'T WAIT FOR HEAVEN: HOW HEAD/BODY TRANSPLANTATION CAUSES US TO REEVALUATE HALAKHIC CONCEPTIONS OF LIFE AND DEATH

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-320
Author(s):  
Ira Bedzow ◽  
John Loike ◽  
Noam Stadlan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Technology ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Potential Success

AbstractIn this article, the authors examine how the potential success of head/body transplantation raises questions as to how halakha—Jewish law and jurisprudence—might draw the line between determining whether a person is dead or alive. In presenting the primary Talmudic passages that refer to determination of life and death, and their discussion among halakhists and halakhic decisors, the authors show how the halakha might determine the demarcation between life and death as it applies to head/body transplants or potentially other innovations in medical technology.

Perinatal care and psychomotor development of prematurely born infants

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Jagoda Walowska
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Psychomotor Development ◽  
Newborn Child ◽  
Proper Analysis ◽  
Basic Standard ◽  
Prematurely Born Infants

The knowledge and medical technology have developed a number of principles which constitute a basic standard of evaluation and improvement. A newborn is assessed according to the Virginia Apgar scaler. A care of the newborn child is very important too. The care of the infant, especially a newborn, is based on several principles. Physiotherapists use standardized tests and scales of development for the assessment of psychomotor functioning . Proper analysis of the quality patterns of posture and movement is a direct basis for further determination of the targets in the treatment of a child.

scholarly journals Determination of Death: Ethical and Biomedical Update with International Consensus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shah Alam Panna
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Determination Of Death ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Moment

Humanity has been confronted with the concept and criteria of death for millennia and the line between life and death sustains to be debated. The profound change caused by life support technology and transplantation continues to challenge our notions of life and death. Despite scientific progress in the previous few decades, there remain big variations in diagnosis criteria applied in each country. Death is a process involving cessation of physiological function and determination of death is the final event in that process. Legally, a patient could be declared dead due to lack of brain function, and still may have a heartbeat when on a mechanical ventilator. Though there is no point in supporting ventilation in a dead person, withdrawing a ventilator before the legal criteria for death may involve the physician in both civil and criminal proceedings. To identify the moment of death is vital to avoid the use of unnecessary medical intervention on a patient who has already died and to ensure the organ donation process, clear and transparent. The age-old standard of determination of death is somatic standard and cardiopulmonary standard. Harvard report (1968) defines irreversible coma as a replacement criterion for death and prescribed clinical criteria for the permanently nonfunctioning brain. The current unifying concept of death: irreversible loss of the capacity for consciousness combined with irreversible loss of the capacity to breathe. WHO (2014) adopted minimum determinant death criteria, acceptable for medical practice globally, achieving international consensus on clinical criteria to maintain public trust and promote ethical practices that respect fundamental rights of individuals and minimize philosophical and biomedical debate in human death. AAN (2019) endorses that the brain death is the irreversible loss of all functions of the entire brain and equivalent to circulatory death.

Strategic Product Planning: The Development of Products and Markets of Tomorrow As an Entrepreneurial Challenge

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Gausemeier ◽  
Volker Binger
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Product Development Process ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Product Planning ◽  
Market Requirements ◽  
The Future ◽  
Potential Success ◽  
Product Creation

Abstract The identification of the products and markets of tomorrow is a challenging entrepreneurial task to be achieved by Strategic Product Planning. The following presentation shows a way of emphasising Strategic Product Planning more strongly as the first cycle in the product development process and of embedding it into the complete process. This consists of the task areas of determination of potential & product, business planning and product creation. The method of scenario-management presented here enables the enterprise to plan the future. Based on developed future scenarios for markets and wide company areas, it is possible to determine the potential success — and dangers — for the established business at a very early stage [GF99]. In this presentation, the scenario-method will be introduced as a means to support strategic product planning by using the example of the development of future scenarios for the automotive industry. The future concept will contain the higher interaction of future market requirements (Market Pull) and possible technology potentials (Technology Push).

scholarly journals Dissecting the pathways of tumour escape: " question of life and death?"

2010 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgi Tchernev ◽  
Pietro Nenoff
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathways ◽  
Prognostic Parameters ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Innovative Therapies ◽  
Tumour Escape ◽  
Melanocytic Naevi ◽  
Apoptotic Pathways

Apoptotic pathways are providing important saveguard mechanisms in protection from cancer by eliminating altered and often harmful cells. The disturbances of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis are also found on specific signal-transduction pathways within the tumour cells and between these and the immune system. The article focuses attention on the evolution of the melanocytic naevi in the direction of a dysplastic or tumour cell. The determination of single molecules as prognostic parameters within cancer genesis seems to be problematic. New hopes are being placed on the treatment with TW-37, ABT-737 and TAT-Bim, which, to an extent, are able to support the programmed cell death. The clinical importance of these innovative therapies remains to be seen and should therefore, be viewed with considerable criticism.

Achieving the Indeterminate: Accomplishing Degrees of Certainty in Life and Death Situations

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Biomedical Model ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Technological Intervention ◽  
Medical Paradigm ◽  
Labour Ward

This paper explores technology's pivotal position at the intersection of control and uncertainty. It examines two areas: Intensive Care and a Labour Ward. Building on the work of Davis (1960), it argues that certainty and uncertainty are socially constructable and reconstructable. This is actively achieved by the deployment of strategies involving particular paradigms (the biomedical model) and artefacts (medical technology). Power lies in control over knowledge and the structures and practices which sustain it, including those embedded in advanced technology. The contribution of medical technology to the achievement of certainty in Intensive Care and end-game Obstetrics (the Labour Ward) is considered. Achieved certainty in medical situations is seen as: the structured masking of uncertainty by the application of medical iconography, artefacts and techniques to create the illusion of certainty. The accomplishment of uncertainty in Obstetrics (as a precursor to technological intervention) is also explored. The accomplishment of uncertainty in medical situations is seen as associated with the structured projection of uncertainty, involving using medical discourse rooted in the medical paradigm to exaggerate the generality of risk and the probability of pathology. It is argued that the highly structured and routinised settings of ICU and the labour Ward, not only aid control by the medical profession but diminish perceptions of uncertainty.

Conflict in the Parameters Denning Life and Death in Missouri Statutes

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy L. Schoen
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Determination Of Death ◽  
Life And Death

Over the last twenty years, state legislatures have enacted statutes incorporating medically and legally established criteria to be utilized in the determination of death. Similarly consistent criteria for determining the onset of life have yet to be established. As a result, unacceptably conflicting statutory language defining life and the state's interest in that life exists. This conflict can be resolved by a functional approach that consistently applies criteria used to define the end of life to the beginning of life.

scholarly journals Conceptual sounding of poems in the prose “Herds” by F. Aliyeva and “The Old Woman” by I. Turgenev

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Mariza Magomedova ◽  
Maryam Saidovna Suleimanova ◽  
Zaynab Salmanovna Omarova
Keyword(s):  
Prose Poem ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Artistic Images ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Time Description

This article attempts to determine the attributes of the prose poem genre in the works “Herds” by Fazu Aliyeva and “The Old Woman” by Ivan Turgenev on the formal and emotional-semantic levels. Artistic parallels in creation of images by the authors of different generations are drawn. The subject of this research is the images of time, old woman and cliff and intertwinement of their destinies into a single time node. The object of this research is the lyrical narratives “Herds” by Fazu Aliyeva, “The Old Woman” and “How Fair, How Fresh Were the Roses…” by Ivan Turgenev. Special attention is given to analysis of the form and content of artistic images in “Herds”, in the context of prose poem “The Old Woman” by I. S. Turgenev, their conceptual and artistic peculiarities. The author also highlights the category of timely space in the narratives. The novelty of this research consists in drawing an artistic parallel between the lyrical narratives of Fazu Aliyeva and Ivan Turgenev regarding determination of the dominant and conceptual differences in creation of the image of time, description of the flow of time, connection between the past and the future, and interpretation of the theme of life and death. As a result, the identification of poetic beginning, philosophical comprehension and artistic presentation of the topic of life and death in the works of F. Aliyeva and I. Turgenev allows, upon similarity of sounding, tracing conceptual differences of the author's thought. Despite obvious similarity of underlying ideas, the aforementioned topic is described differently. In the works of F. Aliyeva, time is not confined, looks into the future, resembling in the succession of generations; with all the pain and losses, the image is life-affirming. In the works of I. Turgenev, the hero turns to the past, experiences the ultimate fear of death, everything stops in anticipation of the end of existence.

scholarly journals Profil pasien endoskopi gastrointestinal di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou periode Januari 2018 - Agustus 2019

e-CliniC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah F. Gunawan ◽  
Bradley J. Waleleng ◽  
Efata B. I. Polii
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Los Angeles Classification ◽  
Common Diagnosis ◽  
Using Data

Abstract: Along with the development of medical technology, endoscopy is mostly used in determination of the diagnosis and examination of gastrointestinal diseases. This study was aimed to determine the indications of gastrointestinal endoscopy, diagnoses of pre and post endoscopy, sex and age of patients undergoing endoscopy, and the prevalence of endoscopic patients from January 2018 to August 2019 at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a descriptive and retrospective study using data of Medical Record Installation at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. The results obtained 495 patients who were endoscopy performed on them. Males were predominant (59.8%) as well as age group of 50-59 years old (22.8%). The most frequent indication of endoscopy was dyspepsia/epigastric pain (68.5%). Moreover, EGD plus colonoscopy was the most common endoscopy performed. GERD (20.45%) had the highest percentage of pre endoscopy diagnosis meanwhile esophagitis Los Angeles Classification Grade A (28.8%) had the highest percentage of post endoscopy diagnosis. In conclusion, gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed more common on males, age group of 50-59 years, with indication of dyspepsia (epigastric pain), and in EGD plus colonoscopy. The most common diagnosis of pre endoscopy was GERD and of post endoscopy was esophagitis Los Angeles Classification Grade A.Keywords: gastrointestinal endoscopy Abstrak: Seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi dibidang kesehatan, endoskopi yang merupakan salah satu cara penetapan diagnosis dan pemeriksaan gastrointestinal yang banyak digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui indikasi endoskopi gastrointestinal, diagnosis yang banyak ditemukan sebelum dan sesudah endoskopi, jenis kelamin, usia pasien yang dilakukan endoskopi, dan prevalensi jumlah pasien endoskopi periode Januari 2018 - Agustus 2019 di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D Kandou. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder pasien di Instalasi Rekam Medik RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 495 pasien yang dilakukan pemeriksaan endoskopi selama periode tersebut, dengan 296 pasien (59,8%) yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki. usia terbanyak ialah 50-59 tahun (22,8%), indikasi endoskopi terbanyak ialah dispepsia (nyeri epigastrium) (68,5%), tindakan endoskopi terbanyak dilakukan ialah EGD + kolonoskopi (48,7%). Diagnosis sebelum tindakan terbanyak ialah GERD (20,45%), dan setelah dilakukan endoskopi ialah esofagitis klasifikasi Los Angeles Grade A (28,8%). Simpulan penelitian ini ialah pasien yang melakukan pemeriksaan endoskopi terbanyak berjenis kelamin laki-laki, kelompok usia 50-59 tahun, dengan indikasi dispepsia (nyeri epigastrium). EGD + kolonoskopi merupakan tindakan tersering diterima oleh pasien, diagnosis sebelum tindakan endoskopi ialah GERD, dan setelah dilakukan endoskopi ialah esofagitis klasifikasi Los Angeles Grade A.Kata kunci: endoskopi gastrointestinal

Critics and Brain Death

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eelco F.M. Wijdicks
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Apnea Test ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
Hypothalamic Function ◽  
Fair Assessment

Matters of life and death—and the physician’s role—invite criticisms and alternate interpretations. Commentaries against the clinical diagnosis of brain death or the concept of brain death have shifted their focus. These range from criticisms of the Harvard Committee (alleging conflict of interest, as shown by the presence of transplant physicians), to clinical examination (alleging injury with the apnea test), to critiques of the total brain necrosis criteria (alleging intact pituitary and hypothalamic function), to critiques on the difficulty of support (alleging long-term support in pregnant “brain-dead” women and children) and, most recently, to critiques on irreversibility (alleging possible recoveries). Philosophical arguments may reach the bedside, which may become consequential. In this chapter, a fair assessment of these criticisms, particularly those regarding determination of brain death, is provided, followed by a rebuttal. Practitioners should be aware of the existing body of literature analyzed herein.

"Brain Death," Death, and Personal Identity

KronoScope ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Steineck
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Social ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Whole Brain Death

AbstractThe issue of brain death touches directly on questions pertaining to our understanding of what it means to be human. Technological progress made possible the sustaining of signs of life in individuals who seem dead to the world. The concept of brain death was introduced to describe this phenomenon, and to answer some of the normative questions that were raised by it. In my article, I approach the problem of brain death with a focus on its temporal aspects. First I sketch out some general features of human life and death in terms of the theories of time of J. T. Fraser and G. Dux. Then I describe and analyze various definitions of brain death and criteria for its testing.The two most important variants are 'whole brain death' as the death of the organism, and 'cerebral death' as the death of the person. I discuss arguments in favor of, and against these concepts and analyze the framework and structuring of temporalities involved in each of them. I conclude that the extant theories in favor of 'brain death' are unsatisfactory, for factual and conceptual reasons. Most importantly, they neglect essential factors of personal identity. Because they employ a naturalistic concept of the human body, they fail to grasp its expressive quality and its function as a medium of communication. Furthermore, they fail to grasp the social dimension of personal identity. Because the concepts of 'brain death' as a criterion for the determination of death fail, we should regard brain-dead people as living human beings, and decide about their treatment accordingly.

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