scholarly journals Partial productivity of linguistic constructions: Dynamic categorization and statistical preemption

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADELE E. GOLDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Formulation ◽  
New Words ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Phonological Constraints ◽  
And Function ◽  
General Semantic ◽  
Over Time

abstractGrammatical constructions are typically partially but not fully productive, which leads to a conundrum for the learner. When can a construction be extended for use with new words and when can it not? The solution suggested here relies on two complementary processes. The first is dynamic categorization: as learners record the statistics of their language, they implicitly categorize the input on the basis of form and function. On the basis of this categorization process, general semantic and phonological constraints on productivity emerge, and productivity is to a large extent determined by the degree to which the category is well attested by similar exemplars. Occasionally, a semantically sensical and phonologically well-formed instance of a well-attested construction is simply not fully acceptable. It is suggested that a process of statistical preemption is at work in these cases: learners avoid using a construction if an alternative formulation has been systematically witnessed instead. The mechanism proposed for statistical preemption is competition-driven learning: when two competitors are activated but one reliably wins, the loser becomes less accessible over time. In this way, the paradox of partial productivity can be resolved.

Introduction: how language works in politics

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-32
Author(s):  
Matthew Williams
Keyword(s):  
Computer Assisted ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Legislative Language ◽  
And Function ◽  
Assisted Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This book examines how language works in democratic politics and how it impacts the effectiveness of policy. Using evidence from the first computer-assisted analysis of all 41.5 million words of legislation enacted from 1900 to 2015, it tracks the major changes in form and function that Parliament's use of language has undergone over time and the reasons for such changes. More importantly, it explores the policy and social implications of changes in legislative language as well as the issue of legislative indeterminacy. This introductory chapter discusses the questions, arguments and aims of the book and reviews the literature on the operation of language in British politics, along with the impact of legislative language on policy effectiveness. It also explains what specifically the book contributes to the existing literature, describes the research design, and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.

Abstract versus Folk Legal Pluralism

2021 ◽  
pp. 169-208
Author(s):  
Brian Z. Tamanaha
Keyword(s):  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Rule Systems ◽  
Over Time

This chapter differentiates between abstract legal pluralism and folk legal pluralism. Abstract concepts of law within legal pluralist literature can be placed in one of two broad categories based on form and function: the inner ordering of associations or institutionalized rule systems. However, both types of concepts of law inevitably result in over-inclusiveness by encompassing social phenomena that are usually not considered to be law, creating irresolvable problems. Folk legal pluralism identifies coexisting forms of law in terms of what people collectively view as law, examined through a social-historical lens that pays attention to how forms of law vary across social contexts and change over time. It also articulates three categories of law applied throughout this book: community law, regime law, and cross-polity law. This approach offers a commonsensical account of law and legal pluralism useful for scholars, development practitioners, social scientists, and legal theorists.

scholarly journals FINISHING AND POLISHING OF DIRECT COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Ankita Singh ◽  
K. Harish S. Shetty ◽  
Prathap M.S
Keyword(s):  
Composite Resin ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Composite Restorations ◽  
Proper Form ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
And Function ◽  
Natural Tooth ◽  
Over Time

Contemporary cosmetic dentists are expected to create realistic and seamless restorations that mimic natural tooth structures. Recent advancements in composite resin systems have improved the practitioners ability to deliver optimal results using chair-side techniques. Many times, the form and function is achieved but the surface of these restorations is not smooth. This might lead to rough or uneven surfaces which over time invite microbial flora leading to an inevitable failure of the restoration. To avoid such failures and to satisfy this patient-driven demand for aesthetic restorations, the use of exemplary finishing and polishing materials is required. These techniques of finishing and polishing helps to achieve the proper form and function of the restoration along with pleasing aesthetics and the maintenance of proper periodontal and gingival health. This article aims to briefly outline finishing and polishing of composite restorations.

scholarly journals Residential Meditation Retreats: Their Role in Contemplative Practice and Significance for Psychological Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon King ◽  
Quinn Conklin ◽  
Anthony Paul Zanesco ◽  
Clifford Saron
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Meditation Experience ◽  
And Function ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Over Time

Contemporary investigations of mindfulness and meditation have predominately emphasized the short-term effects of brief inductions or standardized, multi-week interventions in people with little to no prior meditation experience. Considerably less is known about the effects of continued or intensive meditation practice as proficiency and expertise are acquired over time. In this article, we describe the form and function of residential retreats, an understudied class of meditation intervention that holds promise for bridging this gap in the empirical literature. We outline a number of design features that distinguish retreats from other meditation-based interventions, and highlight their utility for informing functional and developmental perspectives on meditation, cognition, health, and well-being.

Development and Organization of Autobiographical Memory Form and Function

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Fivush ◽  
Theodore E. A. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The World ◽  
And Function ◽  
Over Time

Autobiographical memory defines who we are in relationship to others in the world. In addition to providing critical information to direct our behavior in adaptive ways, autobiographical memory functions to create a coherent and continuous sense of self and relationships over time, and thus autobiographical memory includes multiple temporal horizons. This chapter demonstrates that these different temporal horizons develop at different rates across childhood and are socially scaffolded in their forms through sharing memories with others. Even early in development, children recall both specific episodes and recurring scripted events in coherent, but differentiated ways, suggesting that children may be using them for different functions. Episodic representations are used to define self and regulate emotions, whereas scripted representations are used to direct behavior. By adulthood, autobiographical memory has developed into a complex interplay among episodes, recurring events, and extended events, and preliminary evidence suggests that adults may use different autobiographical forms for different functions. This approach to examining autobiographical memory as it develops along multiple temporal horizons and serves multiple functions indicates the need to expand our theoretical understanding of the organization of autobiographical memory.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE IMPLICATIONS OF PHILATELY IN ECOLOGICAL EDUCATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Alexandru Pop ◽  
◽  
Bogdan Cioruța ◽  
Mirela Coman ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Ecological Education ◽  
Postage Stamp ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
A Value ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
The World ◽  
And Function ◽  
Over Time

For more than 150 years postcards all over the world have three main roles: a value-added receipt for a postage payment in advance, a means of celebrating and promoting national heritage and a collection of pieces. But above all, the postage stamp is a true ambassador of human history, culture and civilization, because its form and function give it freedom of movement and the ability to transmit information all over the world. Through this paper, the authors want to open a series of presentations of what has given valuable, over time, the philately of civilization and human culture and which is reflected in philatelic collections. There are fractions of images - as far as a stamp can be - with people and places, with flowers and landscapes, animals and protected habitats, with what we want to remain alive in the memory of our descendants - as an essential component of environmental policy And sustainable development.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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