scholarly journals An Empirical Justification for the Use of Racially Distinctive Names to Signal Race in Experiments

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Butler ◽  
Jonathan Homola
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Public Records ◽  
Empirical Justification ◽  
Political Resources ◽  
Other Information

Researchers studying discrimination and bias frequently conduct experiments that use racially distinctive names to signal race. The ability of these experiments to speak to racial discrimination depends on the excludability assumption that subjects’ responses to these names are driven by their reaction to the individual’s putative race and not some other factor. We use results from an audit study with a large number of aliases and data from detailed public records to empirically test the excludability assumption undergirding the use of racially distinctive names. The detailed public records allow us to measure the signals about socioeconomic status and political resources that each name used in the study possibly could send. We then reanalyze the audit study to see whether these signals predict legislators’ likelihood of responding. We find no evidence that politicians respond to this other information, thus providing empirical support for the excludability assumption.

scholarly journals Silver Spoon and Green Lifestyle: A National Study of the Association between Childhood Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Adulthood Pro-Environmental Behavior in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7661
Author(s):  
Meiting Liu ◽  
Aki Koivula
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
Process Analysis ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
National Study ◽  
Commercial Insurance ◽  
Subjective Socioeconomic Status

Based on the life history theory, this study is aimed at examining the associations among childhood subjective socioeconomic status, adulthood pro-environmental behavior, and commercial insurance purchase. We used the data from the 2013 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS2013) and obtained a sample of 11,172 respondents, with ages ranging from 18 to 97 years old. The respondents were selected using multistage stratified sampling. Correlational, mediational and moderational analyses were conducted using SPSS. The results show that the childhood subjective socioeconomic status is positively associated with adulthood pro-environmental behavior, independent of the current subjective socioeconomic status. In addition, commercial insurance purchase acts as a mediator of the association between childhood subjective socioeconomic status and adulthood pro-environmental behavior. Using conditional process analysis, we demonstrated that age moderated both the path where childhood subjective socioeconomic status influenced adulthood pro-environmental behavior and the path where childhood subjective socioeconomic status influenced commercial insurance purchase. Theoretically, the results provide empirical support for evolutionary perspective on sustainable behavior and demonstrate that childhood environment can constrain individual consumer choices and lifestyle. Practically, positioning target customers to commercial insurance clients may be an effective marketing strategy to increase consumers’ actual purchase of ethical products. Moreover, to realize environmental goals, social policy makers can make efforts to publicize the importance of insurance and expand the coverage of insurance by increasing the corresponding financial subsidies for low socioeconomic status families.

scholarly journals Subjective Economic Inequality Decreases Emotional Intelligence, Especially for People of High Social Class

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110240
Author(s):  
Anita Schmalor ◽  
Steven J. Heine
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Past Research ◽  
High Social Class ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Difference

Across five studies (three preregistered; N = 2,481), we investigated two effects as follows: (1) Is higher subjective economic inequality associated with a decreased ability to accurately identify emotions (emotional intelligence)? When inequality is high, people are less focused on others and may thus be less motivated to correctly identify their emotions. (2) Is this main effect of subjective inequality qualified by an interaction with socioeconomic status (SES)? Past research suggests that high SES leads to lower emotional intelligence because people of higher SES are less dependent on others and thus less motivated to identify their emotions. When perceiving higher inequality, high SES individuals should feel even more self-reliant, thereby exacerbating the difference in emotional intelligence between people of low and high SES. We provide empirical support in three out of five studies for the first and in four out of five studies for the second hypothesis. An internal meta-analysis supported both hypotheses.

Privacy Maintenance in Self-Digitization

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
France Bélanger ◽  
Robert E. Crossler ◽  
John Correia
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Privacy Concern ◽  
Perceived Benefit ◽  
Willingness To Disclose ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Fitness Tracker ◽  
Intention To Continue

Individuals are increasingly using personal Internet of Things (IoT) devices that digitize their day-to-day lives. Those devices, however, often require substantial personal information to generate their intended benefits. For example, fitness technologies collect health, sleep, personal, and a vast array of other information ubiquitously, creating possible privacy issues for the users when fitness technology platform providers store or share their information, whether users know this or not. To explore the role of privacy perceptions in the context of continued use of fitness technologies, this study collected data from 212 fitness tracker users. We find empirical support for the importance of privacy perceptions in a user's intention to continue to use their fitness tracker. More specifically, consistent with privacy calculus research, privacy concern is negatively related to willingness to disclose information while perceived benefit is positively related to it. As an extension to calculus variables, users' expectations towards the data sharing practices of organizations also influences their willingness to disclose information. Importantly, willingness to disclose information has a direct effect on continued use intentions but also moderates the relationship between perceived benefit and users' intentions to continue using a fitness tracker. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice.

scholarly journals Exploring the effects of birth order on human lifespan in Polish historical populations, 1738–1968

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Piotr Paweł Chmielewski ◽  
Aleksandra Żebrak ◽  
Sławomir Kozieł
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wallis Anova

Abstract While the relationships between birth order and later outcomes in life, including health and wealth, have been the subject of investigation for several decades, little or no data exist regarding the relationship between birth order and life expectancy in the Polish population. The aim of this study was to explore the link between birth order and lifespan in Polish historical populations. We obtained 8523 records from a historical dataset that was established for parishioners from the borough of Bejsce, including 4463 males and 4060 females. These data pertain to the populations that lived over a long period in a group of localities for which parish registers were well preserved. The Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and ANCOVA were run. The results strongly suggest that birth order affects male longevity. However, no such association was found for females. On balance, the hypothesis that first-born boys live longer because they are born to relatively younger parents has received some empirical support and deserves further study. We hypothesise that the effects of birth order on human health and lifespan might be overshadowed by other factors, including educational attainment, socioeconomic status and lifestyle.

The Moderating Roles of Gender and Socioeconomic Status in the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Adjustment

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique W. Neblett ◽  
Donte L. Bernard ◽  
Kira Hudson Banks
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Psychological Adjustment

South Asian Stories: Firsthand Client Perspectives on Barriers to Accessing Speech-Language Pathology Services

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Mahendra
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Client Experiences ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Timely Access ◽  
Phenomenological Perspective ◽  
Case Vignettes ◽  
Language Pathology

This article details the experience of two South Asian individuals with family members who had communication disorders. I provide information on intrinsic and extrinsic barriers reported by these clients in responses to a survey and during individual ethnographic interviews. These data are part of a larger study and provide empirical support of cultural and linguistic barriers that may impede timely access to and utilization of speech-language pathology (SLP) services. The purpose of this article is to shed light on barriers and facilitators that influence South Asian clients' access to SLP services. I provide and briefly analyze two case vignettes to provide readers a phenomenological perspective on client experiences. Data about barriers limiting access to SLP services were obtained via client surveys and individual interviews. These two clients' data were extracted from a larger study (Mahendra, Scullion, Hamerschlag, Cooper, & La, 2011) in which 52 racially/ethnically diverse clients participated. Survey items and interview questions were designed to elicit information about client experiences when accessing SLP services. Results reveal specific intrinsic and extrinsic barriers that affected two South Asian clients' access to SLP services and have important implications for all providers.

Impairment Tutorial: Spinal Cord Stimulation and Intraspinal Opioids:Impairment Rating Issues

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Leon H. Ensalada
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Satisfaction Survey ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Medical Evaluation ◽  
Independent Medical Evaluation ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Physician Reviews ◽  
Written Informed Consent

Abstract Evaluators must understand the complex overall process that makes up an independent medical evaluation (IME), whether the purpose of the evaluation is to assess impairment or other care issues. Part 1 of this article provides an overview of the process, and Part 2 [in this issue] reviews the pre-evaluation process in detail. The IME process comprises three phases: pre-evaluation, evaluation, and postevaluation. Pre-evaluation begins when a client requests an IME and provides the physician with medical records and other information. The following steps occur at the time of an evaluation: 1) patient is greeted; arrival time is noted; 2) identity of the examinee is verified; 3) the evaluation process is explained and written informed consent is obtained; 4) questions or inventories are completed; 5) physician reviews radiographs or diagnostic studies; 6) physician records start time and interviews examinee; 7) physician may dictate the history in the presence of the examinee; 8) physician examines examinee with staff member in attendance, documenting negative, physical, and nonphysiologic findings; 9) physician concludes evaluation, records end time, and provides a satisfaction survey to examinee; 10) examinee returns satisfaction survey before departure. Postevaluation work includes preparing the IME report, which is best done immediately after the evaluation. To perfect the IME process, examiners can assess their current approach to IMEs, identify strengths and weaknesses, and consider what can be done to improve efficiency and quality.

Low Socioeconomic Status Patients Willing to E-Mail

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
ROBERT FINN
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
E Mail

AMA Apologizes for Racial Discrimination and Pledges Change

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (15) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
MARY ELLEN SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination

Capturing the Four-Phase Team Adaptation Process With Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-347
Author(s):  
Eleni Georganta ◽  
Felix C. Brodbeck
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Team Development ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Adaptation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Acceptable Reliability ◽  
Adaptation Phase

Abstract. As a response to the lack of quantitative and reliable measures of the team adaptation process, the aim of the present study was to develop and validate an instrument for assessing the four phases of the team adaptation process as described by Rosen and colleagues (2011) . Two trained raters and two subject matter expert groups contributed to the development of four behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) that span across the spectrum of team processes involved in each team adaptation phase. To validate the four BARS, two different trained raters assessed independently the team adaptation phases of 66 four-person teams. The validation study provided empirical support for the BARS’ psychometric adequacy. The BARS measures overcame the common middle anchor problem, showed sensitivity in differentiating between teams and between the four phases, showed evidence for acceptable reliability, construct, and criterion validity, and supported the theoretical team adaptation process assumptions. The study contributes to research and praxis by enabling the direct assessment of the overall team adaptation process, thereby facilitating our understanding of this complex phenomenon. This allows the identification of behavioral strengths and weaknesses for targeted team development and comprehensive team adaptation studies.

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