scholarly journals Exploring the effects of birth order on human lifespan in Polish historical populations, 1738–1968

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-394
Author(s):  
Piotr Paweł Chmielewski ◽  
Aleksandra Żebrak ◽  
Sławomir Kozieł
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wallis Anova

Abstract While the relationships between birth order and later outcomes in life, including health and wealth, have been the subject of investigation for several decades, little or no data exist regarding the relationship between birth order and life expectancy in the Polish population. The aim of this study was to explore the link between birth order and lifespan in Polish historical populations. We obtained 8523 records from a historical dataset that was established for parishioners from the borough of Bejsce, including 4463 males and 4060 females. These data pertain to the populations that lived over a long period in a group of localities for which parish registers were well preserved. The Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and ANCOVA were run. The results strongly suggest that birth order affects male longevity. However, no such association was found for females. On balance, the hypothesis that first-born boys live longer because they are born to relatively younger parents has received some empirical support and deserves further study. We hypothesise that the effects of birth order on human health and lifespan might be overshadowed by other factors, including educational attainment, socioeconomic status and lifestyle.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood characteristics and health outcomes: evaluating the association between socioeconomic status, tobacco store density and health outcomes in Baltimore City

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (e1) ◽  
pp. e19-e24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagis Galiatsatos ◽  
Cynthia Kineza ◽  
Seungyoun Hwang ◽  
Juliana Pietri ◽  
Emily Brigham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Median Household Income ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
Education Status ◽  
The Relationship

IntroductionSeveral studies suggest that the health of an individual is influenced by the socioeconomic status (SES) of the community in which he or she lives. This analysis seeks to understand the relationship between SES, tobacco store density and health outcomes at the neighbourhood level in a large urban community.MethodsData from the 55 neighbourhoods of Baltimore City were reviewed and parametric tests compared demographics and health outcomes for low-income and high-income neighbourhoods, defined by the 50th percentile in median household income. Summary statistics are expressed as median. Tobacco store density was evaluated as both an outcome and a predictor. Association between tobacco store densities and health outcomes was determined using Moran’s I and spatial regression analyses to account for autocorrelation.ResultsCompared with higher-income neighbourhoods, lower-income neighbourhoods had higher tobacco store densities (30.5 vs 16.5 stores per 10 000 persons, P=0.01), lower life expectancy (68.5 vs 74.9 years, P<0.001) and higher age-adjusted mortality (130.8 vs 102.1 deaths per 10 000 persons, P<0.001), even when controlling for other store densities, median household income, race, education status and age of residents.ConclusionIn Baltimore City, median household income is inversely associated with tobacco store density, indicating poorer neighbourhoods in Baltimore City have greater accessibility to tobacco. Additionally, tobacco store density was linked to lower life expectancy, which underscores the necessity for interventions to reduce tobacco store densities.

Stress exposure as a mechanism of the impact of socio-economic status on health quality

2017 ◽  
pp. 471-483
Author(s):  
Vladimir Mentus ◽  
Tatjana Mentus
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of this paper is stress exposure as one of the mechanisms through which the socioeconomic status may affect the health. First of all, the nature of the relationship between the socioeconomic status and the health quality, as well as possible mechanisms of relationship between them in general are presented. Then, an overview of the relationship between socioeconomic status and stress exposure is provided, as well as previous research results in this field. Finally, mechanisms by which stress exposure may affect health quality are presented. The largest number of studies indicates a positive correlation between socioeconomic position and health quality and a negative correlation between status and stress exposure, as well as health quality and stress exposure. The results regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status and stress exposure are in this respect the least consistent, mostly due to differences in the conceptualizations and operationalizations, poor representativeness of samples, and other methodological issues, as well as the characteristics of the examined populations themselves. Further, behaviors relevant to health quality, such as diet or physical activity, are to a great extent related to socioeconomic status and stress exposure. Whatever the mechanisms by which the interaction between these variables is explained may be, the socioeconomic status is probably the key for prevention and overcoming stressful situations, and thus, for health in general.

European Expansion and Asian Economic Development Since 1850: India, Indonesia and Japan

Itinerario ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Om Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Intense Debate

The nature of the relationship between the metropolitan world and the colonies and of its impact on the economic development of each of the two sides has been the subject of intense debate and controversy over a very long period of time. As far as the role of the colonial relationship in the development of the West is concerned, an important viewpoint has been that it would be wrong to assign a significant role to this factor in explaining European industrialization. In some recent economic literature on ‘Modern Imperialism’ it has been argued that neither in the field of capital formation in the metropolitan countries, nor in that of finding a market for the foods manufactured there, can an important role be assigned to the colonial factor. Only in highly specific cases such as textile manufacturing in Britain during the nineteenth century could the export market in the colonial world have been of some significance.

Science, Sulloway, and Birth Order: An Ordeal and An Assessment

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-245 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legal Defense ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
University Officials

This issue of Politics and the Life Sciences includes an article, ten commentaries, and three responses on the subject of birth order and rebelliousness, focusing in particular on Frank Sulloway's Born to Rebel (1996, 1997). Extraordinary events have surrounded the publication of this roundtable, including threats of legal action, accusations of misconduct, letters to university officials, termination of the journal's publishing contract, and an almost five-year delay in publication. This editorial reviews these events and goes on to assess Frank Sulloway's responses (published in this issue), as well as parts of Born to Rebel. It also reports the results of a replication of Sulloway's study of Reformation martyrs. The replication generated markedly different data than those reported by Sulloway. Data from an expanded sample were also inconsistent with the relationship that Sulloway reported finding between birth order and religious commitment among Reformation martyrs. The editorial supports the suggestion by Frederic Townsend that an independent review of Born to Rebel would be appropriate. It concludes with a call for establishment of a multidisciplinary legal defense fund that would reduce the likelihood that legal threats can succeed in stifling research and publication in the natural and social sciences.

DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODERN PENSION REFORM

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
E. A. KORCHAK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Official Data

The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, is to analyze the demographic situation in the regions of the Russian Arctic in the light of the implementation of the pension reform. Among the tasks of the survey is the analysis of the settlement system and the dynamics of demographic processes, including the assessment of the relationship between changes in the retirement age and life expectancy of the population. The study was conducted on the basis of analytical materials, publications of specialized electronic publications on the subject under study, official data of Rosstat. It is determined that the arguments in favor of modern pension reform (increasing life expectancy and aging of the population) for the regions of the Russian Arctic are not decisive due to the short duration of healthy life, high mortality of the male working-age population, and low living standards of pensioners.

scholarly journals Retrospective assessment of environmental and economic relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Semyachkov ◽  
Zhun Gao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
State Of The Environment ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the ecological system and the economic system in different periods of economic development. Using the characteristics of each economic period, the state of the environment is determined. The article shows that over a long period of the history of mankind, social and economic activity of a person weakly affects the environment, and the environment is not a scarce resource. Only after the industrial revolution did the human impact on the environment increase significantly, making the favorable environment scarce and, thus, becoming the subject of economic research.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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