Tsunami-based evidence for large eastern Aleutian slip during the 1957 earthquake

2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (03) ◽  
pp. 1045-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances R. Griswold ◽  
Breanyn T. MacInnes ◽  
Bretwood Higman
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
East Central ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Local Impact ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Eastern Half

AbstractThe Aleutian subduction zone is capable of generating magnitude ~9 earthquakes that have local impact and broadcast their destructive power across the Pacific through tsunamis. Field surveys of the tsunami from the 1957 Great Aleutian earthquake (reported M w 8.6) indicate a tsunami amongst the largest of the twentieth century. In the eastern half of the rupture zone, stranded logs record up to 18 m run-up in the Islands of Four Mountains (IFM) and 32±2 m on Unalaska Island. In conjunction with archaeological studies in the region, these observations show the potential impact of tsunamis on the ancient peoples in the IFM. Simulation of the near-field tsunami produced from the published slip distribution of 1957 is almost an order of magnitude smaller than all field observations. Increasing the earthquake magnitude and amount of eastern slip used in forward models of the tsunami demonstrate that run-up observations can be achieved throughout the eastern Aleutians if the earthquake was more than twice as large—at least M w 8.8 earthquake with 10–20 m of eastern slip. Additionally, up to five possible IFM paleotsunami deposits agree with the regional picture of regular large events, illustrating the circum-Pacific tsunami hazard from the east-central Aleutians.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
E. Betzig ◽  
A. Harootunian ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Region ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Nondestructive Imaging ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

In general, conventional methods of optical imaging are limited in spatial resolution by either the wavelength of the radiation used or by the aberrations of the optical elements. This is true whether one uses a scanning probe or a fixed beam method. The reason for the wavelength limit of resolution is due to the far field methods of producing or detecting the radiation. If one resorts to restricting our probes to the near field optical region, then the possibility exists of obtaining spatial resolutions more than an order of magnitude smaller than the optical wavelength of the radiation used. In this paper, we will describe the principles underlying such "near field" imaging and present some preliminary results from a near field scanning optical microscope (NS0M) that uses visible radiation and is capable of resolutions comparable to an SEM. The advantage of such a technique is the possibility of completely nondestructive imaging in air at spatial resolutions of about 50nm.

Heat Transfer Spectroscopy and “Heat Transfer-Distance” Curves

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Narayanaswamy ◽  
Sheng Shen ◽  
Gang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Radiative Transfer ◽  
Atomic Force Microscope ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Surface Force ◽  
Casimir Forces ◽  
Distance Curve ◽  
Transfer Distance ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Thermal radiative transfer between objects as well as near-field forces such as van der Waals or Casimir forces have their origins in the fluctuations of the electrodynamic field. Near-field radiative transfer between two objects can be enhanced by a few order of magnitude compared to the far-field radiative transfer that can be described by Planck’s theory of blackbody radiation and Kirchoff’s laws. Despite this common origin, experimental techniques of measuring near-field forces (using the surface force apparatus and the atomic force microscope) are more sophisticated than techniques of measuring near-field radiative transfer. In this work, we present an ultra-sensitive experimental technique of measuring near-field using a bi-material atomic force microscope cantilever as the thermal sensor. Just as measurements of near-field forces results in a “force distance curve”, measurement of near-field radiative transfer results in a “heat transfer-distance” curve. Results from the measurement of near-field radiative transfer will be presented.

Sorption of radionuclides to a cementitious backfill material under near-field conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 3401-3410 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Felipe-Sotelo ◽  
J. Hinchliff ◽  
N. Evans ◽  
P. Warwick ◽  
D. Read
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Organic Ligand ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Sorption Behaviour ◽  
Backfill Material ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

AbstractThe sorption behaviour of I−, Cs+, Ni2+, Eu3+, Th4+ and UO2+2on NRVB (Nirex reference vault backfill) a possible vault backfill, at pH 12.8 was studied. Sorption isotherms generated were compared to results obtained in the presence of cellulose degradation products (CDP). Whereas Cs was not affected by the presence of the organic compounds, a notable reduction in the sorption of Th and Eu to cement was observed. The results also indicated limited removal of Ni from solution (with or without an organic ligand) by sorption, the concentration in solution seemingly being determined solely by solubility processes. In the case of uranium, the presence of CDP increased the sorption to cement by almost one order of magnitude. Further studies into the uptake of CDP by cement are being undertaken to identify the mechanism(s) responsible.

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI FORECASTING BASED ON A TSUNAMI RUN-UP RESPONSE FUNCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Juh-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer L. Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Tsunami Forecast ◽  
Earthquake Fault ◽  
Tsunami Forecasting ◽  
Fault Parameters ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Since near-field-generated tsunamis can arrive within a few minutes to coastal communities and cause immense damage to life and property, tsunami forecasting systems should provide not only accurate but also rapid tsunami run-up estimates. For this reason, most of the tsunami forecasting systems rely on pre-computed databases, which can forecast tsunamis rapidly by selecting the most closely matched scenario from the databases. However, earthquakes not included in the database can occur, and the resulting error in the tsunami forecast may be large for these earthquakes. In this study, we present a new method that can forecast near-field tsunami run-up estimates for any combination of earthquake fault parameters on a real topography in near real-time, hereafter called the Tsunami Run-up Response Function (TRRF).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/tw1D29dDxmY

scholarly journals Identification of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina E. King ◽  
Nicholas J.G. Pearce ◽  
Helen M. Roberts ◽  
Victoria C. Smith ◽  
John A. Westgate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Fractional Crystallisation ◽  
Early Pleistocene ◽  
East Central ◽  
Trace Element Chemistry ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eruptive Volume ◽  
Reversed Polarity

AbstractThe Kulshan caldera formed at ∼1.15 Ma on the present-day site of Mt. Baker, Washington State, northwest USA and erupted a compositionally zoned (dacite-rhyolite) magma and a correlative eruptive, the Lake Tapps tephra. This tephra has previously been described, but only from the Puget Lowland of NW Washington. Here an occurrence of a Kulshan caldera correlative tephra is described from the Quaternary Palouse loess at the Washtucna site (WA-3). Site WA-3 is located in east-central Washington, ∼340 km southeast of the Kulshan caldera and ∼300 km east-southeast of the Lake Tapps occurrence in the Puget Lowland. Major- and trace element chemistry and location of the deposit at Washtucna within reversed polarity sediments indicates that it is not correlative with the Mesa Falls, Rockland, Bishop Ash, Lava Creek B or Huckleberry Ridge tephras. Instead the Washtucna deposit is related to the Lake Tapps tephra by fractional crystallisation, but is chemically distinct, a consequence of its eruption from a compositionally zoned magma chamber. The correlation of the Washtucna occurrence to the Kulshan caldera-forming eruption indicates that it had an eruptive volume exceeding 100 km3, and that its tephra could provide a valuable early-Pleistocene chronostratigraphic marker in the Pacific Northwest.

A LATE CRETACEOUS PLANT ASSEMBLAGE FROM EAST-CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA: I, FOSSIL LEAVES

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spores And Pollen ◽  
East Central ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Plant Assemblage ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Fossil Leaves ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Leaf compressions, spores, and pollen grains referrable to about 45 species were collected from a series of fine silts and coal stringers in the Parsnip River valley of the Rocky Mountain Trench. The leaf assemblage described in this paper indicates a late Maestrichtian to Danian age, somewhat younger than generally comparable assemblages previously reported from the lower part of the Edmonton Formation of Alberta, and from the Hell Creek, Lance, and Fox Hills Formations in the western interior of the United States. It also contains several species reported from the Nanaimo Group on eastern Vancouver Island. Plant microfossils (to be described in a later paper) include species of Glyptostrobus, Sciadopitys, Aquilapollenites, Pistillipollenites, Alnus, Myrica, Tilia, Pterocarya, and Carya, together with tricolpate pollen of uncertain affiliation. The combined leaf and microfossil assemblages indicate a warm mesothermal and humid paleoecological setting of low relief, suggesting absence of major mountain ranges westward to the Pacific Ocean.

scholarly journals Source Fault Model of the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Estimated from the Detailed Distribution of Tsunami Run-up Heights

2015 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhisa MATSUTA ◽  
Yasuhiro SUZUKI ◽  
Nobuhiko SUGITO ◽  
Takashi NAKATA ◽  
Mitsuhisa WATANABE
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Fault Model ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

scholarly journals Polarization-independent enhancement of graphene plasmons by coupling with the dipole-like near field of the metallic split-mesh structure

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (40) ◽  
pp. 22286-22292
Author(s):  
Anqi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Mesh Structure ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Graphene Plasmons ◽  
Polarization Independent

Enhancing the localized electric field of graphene plasmons with a metallic split-mesh structure by more than an order of magnitude.

scholarly journals Metal–dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2306-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerio F Gili ◽  
Lavinia Ghirardini ◽  
Davide Rocco ◽  
Giuseppe Marino ◽  
Ivan Favero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Conversion ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Strong Field ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Enhancement ◽  
High Refractive Index ◽  
Plasmonic Nanostructures ◽  
Ohmic Losses ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Background: Dielectric nanoantennas have recently emerged as an alternative solution to plasmonics for nonlinear light manipulation at the nanoscale, thanks to the magnetic and electric resonances, the strong nonlinearities, and the low ohmic losses characterizing high refractive-index materials in the visible/near-infrared (NIR) region of the spectrum. In this frame, AlGaAs nanoantennas demonstrated to be extremely efficient sources of second harmonic radiation. In particular, the nonlinear polarization of an optical system pumped at the anapole mode can be potentially boosted, due to both the strong dip in the scattering spectrum and the near-field enhancement, which are characteristic of this mode. Plasmonic nanostructures, on the other hand, remain the most promising solution to achieve strong local field confinement, especially in the NIR, where metals such as gold display relatively low losses. Results: We present a nonlinear hybrid antenna based on an AlGaAs nanopillar surrounded by a gold ring, which merges in a single platform the strong field confinement typically produced by plasmonic antennas with the high nonlinearity and low loss characteristics of dielectric nanoantennas. This platform allows enhancing the coupling of light to the nanopillar at coincidence with the anapole mode, hence boosting both second- and third-harmonic generation conversion efficiencies. More than one order of magnitude enhancement factors are measured for both processes with respect to the isolated structure. Conclusion: The present results reveal the possibility to achieve tuneable metamixers and higher resolution in nonlinear sensing and spectroscopy, by means of improved both pump coupling and emission efficiency due to the excitation of the anapole mode enhanced by the plasmonic nanoantenna.

A Wave Resistance Formulation for Slender Bodies at Moderate to High Speeds

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Brandon M. Taravella ◽  
William S. Vorus
Keyword(s):  
General Solution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Wave Resistance ◽  
Slender Body ◽  
Slender Body Theory ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Flow Variables ◽  
Body Theory

T. Francis Ogilvie (1972) developed a Green's function method for calculating the wave profile of slender ships with fine bows. He recognized that near a slender ship's bow, rates of change of flow variables axially should be greater than those typically assumed in slender body theory. Ogilvie's result is still a slender body theory in that the rates of change in the near field are different transversely (a half-order different) than axially; however, the difference in order of magnitude between them is less than in the usual slender body theory. Typical of slender body theory, this formulation results in a downstream stepping solution (along the ship's length) in which downstream effects are not reflected upstream. Ogilvie, however, developed a solution only for wedge-shaped bodies. Taravella, Vorus, and Givan (2010) developed a general solution to Ogilvie's formulation for arbitrary slender ships. In this article, the general solution has been expanded for use on moderate to high-speed ships. The wake trench has been accounted for. The results for wave resistance have been calculated and are compared with previously published model test data.

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