The role of drag prediction in combat aircraft design and development

2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (1132) ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Drag Prediction

Abstract This paper gives an overview of combat aircraft drag prediction in the context of the overall design and development process. Following a brief summary of the author’s experience in this field, the importance of drag prediction during initial configuration design is discussed, emphasising the need for the drag aerodynamicist to develop a good understanding of the other aerodynamic disciplines involved, as well as an appreciation of the of the total design process encompassing structural design, propulsion integration and systems installation. A brief description is given of typical simplified prediction methods used in initial design, followed by an example of drag synthesis procedures based on wind-tunnel test and analysis, illustrating the need for good understanding of test techniques and the requirements of other aerodynamic disciplines. Some future challenges are identified, requiring continual involvement in research and methods development programmes.

scholarly journals Primary and Memory Response of Human Monocytes to Vaccines: Role of Nanoparticulate Antigens in Inducing Innate Memory

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Mayra M. Ferrari Ferrari Barbosa ◽  
Alex Issamu Kanno ◽  
Leonardo Paiva Farias ◽  
Mariusz Madej ◽  
Gergö Sipos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Neisseria Lactamica ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages

Innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages are activated in response to microbial and other challenges and mount an inflammatory defensive response. Exposed cells develop the so-called innate memory, which allows them to react differently to a subsequent challenge, aiming at better protection. In this study, using human primary monocytes in vitro, we have assessed the memory-inducing capacity of two antigenic molecules of Schistosoma mansoni in soluble form compared to the same molecules coupled to outer membrane vesicles of Neisseria lactamica. The results show that particulate challenges are much more efficient than soluble molecules in inducing innate memory, which is measured as the production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10). Controls run with LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to the whole bacteria show that while LPS alone has strong memory-inducing capacity, the entire bacteria are more efficient. These data suggest that microbial antigens that are unable to induce innate immune activation can nevertheless participate in innate activation and memory when in a particulate form, which is a notion that supports the use of nanoparticulate antigens in vaccination strategies for achieving adjuvant-like effects of innate activation as well as priming for improved reactivity to future challenges.

scholarly journals The Role of Peptides in the Design of Electrochemical Biosensors for Clinical Diagnostics

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Patrick Severin Sfragano ◽  
Giulia Moro ◽  
Federico Polo ◽  
Ilaria Palchetti
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Synthetic Peptides ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Electrode Surfaces ◽  
Electrochemical Transducers ◽  
Target Analyte

Peptides represent a promising class of biorecognition elements that can be coupled to electrochemical transducers. The benefits lie mainly in their stability and selectivity toward a target analyte. Furthermore, they can be synthesized rather easily and modified with specific functional groups, thus making them suitable for the development of novel architectures for biosensing platforms, as well as alternative labelling tools. Peptides have also been proposed as antibiofouling agents. Indeed, biofouling caused by the accumulation of biomolecules on electrode surfaces is one of the major issues and challenges to be addressed in the practical application of electrochemical biosensors. In this review, we summarise trends from the last three years in the design and development of electrochemical biosensors using synthetic peptides. The different roles of peptides in the design of electrochemical biosensors are described. The main procedures of selection and synthesis are discussed. Selected applications in clinical diagnostics are also described.

scholarly journals Using chemical biology to assess and modulate mitochondria: progress and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Logan ◽  
Michael P. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Chemical Biology ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
The Many ◽  
Opening Up

Our understanding of the role of mitochondria in biomedical sciences has expanded considerably over the past decade. In addition to their well-known metabolic roles, mitochondrial are also central to signalling for various processes through the generation of signals such as ROS and metabolites that affect cellular homeostasis, as well as other processes such as cell death and inflammation. Thus, mitochondrial function and dysfunction are central to the health and fate of the cell. Consequently, there is considerable interest in better understanding and assessing the many roles of mitochondria. Furthermore, there is also a growing realization that mitochondrial are a promising drug target in a wide range of pathologies. The application of interdisciplinary approaches at the interface between chemistry and biology are opening up new opportunities to understand mitochondrial function and in assessing the role of the organelle in biology. This work and the experience thus gained are leading to the development of new classes of therapies. Here, we overview the progress that has been made to date on exploring the chemical biology of the organelle and then focus on future challenges and opportunities that face this rapidly developing field.

A review on the role of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19: safety and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapam Ningthemba Singh ◽  
Vavilada Satya Swamy Venkatesh ◽  
Ashish Bhalchandra Deoghare
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Purpose During the COVID-19 pandemic, the three-dimensional (3D) printing community is actively participating to address the supply chain gap of essential medical supplies such as face masks, face shields, door adapters, test swabs and ventilator valves. This paper aims to present a comprehensive study on the role of 3D printing during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, its safety and its challenges. Design/methodology/approach This review paper focuses on the applications of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 along with the safety and challenges associated with 3D printing to fight COVID-19. The literature presented in this paper is collected from the journal indexing engines including Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, Web of Science, etc. The main keywords used for searches were 3D printing COVID-19, Safety of 3D printed parts, Sustainability of 3D printing, etc. Further possible iterations of the keywords were used to collect the literature. Findings The applications of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 are 3D printed face masks, shields, ventilator valves, test swabs, drug deliveries and hands-free door adapters. As most of these measures are implemented hastily, the safety and reliability of these parts often lacked approval. The safety concerns include the safety of the printed parts, operators and secondary personnel such as the workers in material preparation and transportation. The future challenges include sustainability of the process, long term supply chain, intellectual property and royalty-free models, etc. Originality/value This paper presents a comprehensive study on the applications of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 with emphasis on the safety and challenges in it.

Organization of school excursions in biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
pp. 39-32
Author(s):  
Gunay Isfandiyar Sadigov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
New Learning

The purpose of this article is to highlight the role of excursions in the lives of students and schoolchildren. The excursion is one of the main forms of educational work. The excursion is one of the main forms of educational work. The tour is conducted according to the school program. The tour is conducted in a group to make it more interesting. Excursions also contribute to the development of polytechnic education, as they give students the opportunity to get acquainted with production, use scientific information in industry and agriculture. From this it can be concluded that excursions occupy a very important place in the life of both schoolchildren and students. Key words: the process of teaching the method of excursion, the principle of vitality, teaching process, introduction of new learning technologies, quality of education, form of training, teaching methods, development and dissemination of the method

Development of a Hypersonic Aircraft Design Optimization Tool

2014 ◽  
Vol 553 ◽  
pp. 847-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Morrell ◽  
David J. Munk ◽  
Gareth A. Vio ◽  
Dries Verstraete
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Aircraft Structure ◽  
Aerodynamic Loads ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Hypersonic Aircraft ◽  
Strength And Stiffness

The design and optimization of hypersonic aircraft is severely impacted by the high temperatures encountered during flight as they can lead to high thermal stresses and a significant reduction in material strength and stiffness. This reduction in rigidity of the structure requires innovative structural concepts and a stronger focus on aeroelastic deformations in the early design and optimisation of the aircraft structure. This imposes the need for a closer coupling of the aerodynamic and structural design tools than is current practice. The paper presents the development of a multi-disciplinary, closely coupled optimisation suite for hypersonic aircraft. An overview of the setup and structure of the optimization suite is given and the integration between the Tranair solver, used to determine the aerodynamic loads and temperatures, and MSC/NASTRAN, used for the structural sizing and design, will be given.

scholarly journals Intellection of Upbringing in Global Context of Present and Future Challenges in Pedagogy

JAHR ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-423
Author(s):  
Snježana Dubovicki ◽  
Marta Budić
Keyword(s):  
University Teaching ◽  
Traditional Teaching ◽  
Teaching Process ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Educational Role ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
The University

Intellection of upbringing in the global context of science that deals with theoretical and practical research in the field of upbringing and education at all levels has brought about a revival. Traditional teaching, which pays more attention to education and less to upbringing, has led to a partial diminishing in the importance of upbringing at higher levels of education, especially in a university context. Various translations of works from other languages into English, often translating upbringing as education, also contributed to this. In order to give upbringing a place it deserves in the university teaching, and to equate it with education in a university context, we considered social forms as potential preconditions for “returning” the presence of upbringing activities to the university level. By looking at this issue through the teaching process, it was important to emphasize the contribution of pedagogy workshop to encouraging the upbringing function of teaching. We have distinguished the pedagogy workshop from other social forms because participation in it equally affects the sensory, emotional, and moral functions of all participants in the teaching process (and not just intellectual ones), which were important in the research of the role of upbringing. Previous research has shown that creative university teaching contributes to fostering the educational role of teaching and helps self-actualization, which is beneficial for all participants in the teaching process.

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