Reattachment of a Two-Dimensional, Incompressible Jet to an Adjacent Flat Plate

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bourque ◽  
B. G. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Separation Bubble ◽  
Volume Flow ◽  
Turbulent Jet ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
General Investigation ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coandǎ Effect

SummaryAs part of a general investigation into Coanda effect, a study has been made of the reattachment of a two-dimensional, incompressible, turbulent jet to an adjacent, inclined, flat plate. The jet separates from the boundaries at the slot lips and reattaches to the plate downstream, a phenomenon which is associated with the lowering of the pressure between the jet and the plate accompanying the entrainment of fluid there. It is found that the flow becomes independent of both the length of the plate and the Reynolds number when these parameters are sufficiently large: the flow, scaled with respect to the width of the slot, is then uniquely determined by the plate inclination. Two approximate theories are developed for the mean pressure within the separation bubble, the position of reattachment and the increase in volume flow from the slot: the agreement with experiment is fairly satisfactory. These theories are a development of Dodds's analysis for the reattachment of a jet to a plate offset from, and parallel to, the axis of the slot and, for the purpose of comparison, a limited study is also made of this flow.

The Wake Behind Two Intersecting Flat Plates

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Hoseini Dadmarzi ◽  
Vagesh D. Narasimhamurthy ◽  
Helge I. Andersson ◽  
Bjørnar Pettersen
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Flat Plates ◽  
Total Drag ◽  
Vortex Streets ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plate Width

The wake flow behind two intersecting flat plates forming a cross is studied by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS) at low Reynolds number. The Reynolds number based on the plate width, d, and the inflow velocity, U0, is 100. The flat plate structure is in one plane. Away from the intersecting center part, vortex streets can be observed similar to the wake flow behind a single normal flat plate. On the other hand, the flow is completely three-dimensional in the vicinity of the intersecting region where the wakes from each of the two normal flat plates interact with each other. The mean pressure distribution on the structure is evaluated in order to study the total drag force as well as the local force distribution.

Predictions of a Turbulent Separated Flow Using Commercial CFD Codes

2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Iaccarino
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Separation Bubble ◽  
Separated Flow ◽  
Adverse Pressure Gradient ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Turbulent Separated Flow

Numerical simulations of the turbulent flow in an asymmetric two-dimensional diffuser are carried out using three commercial CFD codes: CFX, Fluent, and Star-CD. A low-Reynolds number k-ε model with damping functions and the four-equation v′2¯−f model are used; the first one is available as a standard feature in all the codes, the v′2¯−f model was implemented using the User Defined Routines. The flow features a large recirculating zone due to the adverse pressure gradient in the diffuser; the v′2¯−f predictions agree very well with the experiments both for the mean velocity and the turbulent kinetic energy. The length of the separation bubble is also computed within 6 percent of the measured value. The k-ε calculations do not show any recirculation and the agreement with the measurements is very poor. The three codes employed show very similar characteristics in terms of convergence and accuracy; in particular, the results obtained using the v′2¯−f are consistent in all the codes, while appreciable differences are obtained when the k-ε is employed.

Pressure and velocity measurements of an incompressible moderate Reynolds number jet interacting with a tangential flat plate

2015 ◽  
Vol 770 ◽  
pp. 247-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Marco ◽  
M. Mancinelli ◽  
R. Camussi
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Wall Pressure ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
Wall Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Moderate Reynolds Number ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pressure And Velocity Measurements

The statistical properties of wall pressure fluctuations generated on a rigid flat plate by a tangential incompressible single stream jet are investigated experimentally. The study is carried out at moderate Reynolds number and for different distances between the nozzle axis and the flat plate. The overall aerodynamic behaviour is described through hot wire anemometer measurements, providing the effect of the plate on the mean and fluctuating velocity. The pressure field acting on the flat plate was measured by cavity-mounted microphones, providing point-wise pressure signals in the stream-wise and span-wise directions. Statistics of the wall pressure fluctuations are determined in terms of time-domain and Fourier-domain quantities and a parametric analysis is conducted in terms of the main geometrical length scales. Possible scaling laws of auto-spectra and coherence functions are presented and implications for theoretical modelling are discussed.

Investigation of the separation bubble formed behind the sharp leading edge of a flat plate at incidence

2000 ◽  
Vol 214 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Crompton ◽  
R V Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Laser Doppler Anemometry ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Separation Bubble ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Static Pressure Distribution ◽  
Sharp Leading Edge

Detailed measurements of the separation bubble formed behind the sharp leading edge of a flat plate at low speeds and incidence are reported. The Reynolds number based on chord length ranged from 0.1 × 105 to 5.5 × 105. Extensive use of laser Doppler anemometry allowed detailed velocity measurements throughout the bubble. The particular advantages of laser Doppler anemometry in this application were its ability to define flow direction without ambiguity and its non-intrusiveness. It allowed the mean reattachment point to be accurately determined. The static pressure distribution along the plate was also measured. The length of the separation bubble was primarily determined by the plate incidence, although small variations occurred with Reynolds number because of its influence on the rate of entrainment and growth of the shear layer. Above about 105, the Reynolds number effect was no longer evident. The reverse flow boundary layer in the bubble exhibited signs of periodic stabilization before separating close to the leading edge, forming a small secondary bubble rotating in the opposite sense to the main bubble.

A vortex-street model of the flow in the similarity region of a two-dimensional free turbulent jet

1982 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Oler ◽  
V. W. Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reynolds Stress ◽  
Turbulent Jet ◽  
Vortex Street ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Similarity Relationships

The mean-velocity profiles and entrainment rates in the similarity region of a two-dimensional jet are generated by a simple superposition of Rankine vortices arranged to represent a vortex street. The spacings between the vortex centres, their two-dimensional offsets from the centreline, as well as the core radii and circulation strengths, are all governed by similarity relationships and based upon experimental data.Major details of the mean flow field such as the axial and lateral mean-velocity components and the magnitude of the Reynolds stress are properly determined by the model. The sign of the Reynolds stress is, however, not properly predicted.

Flow Past Circular Cylinder With Different Surface Configurations

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Leung ◽  
N. W. M. Ko ◽  
K. M. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Groove Surface ◽  
Number Range ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Downward Shift ◽  
Reynolds Number Range ◽  
Lower Reynolds Number ◽  
Smooth Cylinder ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
The Mean

Measurements of the mean pressure distributions and Strouhal numbers on partially grooved cylinders with different groove subtend angles were made over a Reynolds number range of 2.0×104 to 1.3×105 which was within the subcritical regime of smooth cylinder. The Strouhal number, pressure distributions, and their respective coefficients were found to be a function of the groove subtend angles. In general, a progressive shift of the flow regime to lower Reynolds number was observed with higher subtend angle and a subtend angle of 75 deg was found for optimum drag reduction. With the configuration of asymmetrical groove surface, lower drag, and higher lift coefficients were obtained within the same Reynolds number range. Wake traverse and boundary layer results of the asymmetric grooved cylinder indicated that the flows at the smooth and groove surfaces lied within different flow regimes and a downward shift of the wake.

Two-Dimensional Miter-Bend Flow

1971 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Heskestad
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Constant Width ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Internal Flows ◽  
Concave Corner ◽  
Reynolds Number Effects ◽  
Bend Flow ◽  
The Mean

Measurements have been made of the mean flow in a two-dimensional, constant-width, ninety-degree miter bend and compared with predictions of available free-streamline theories. Agreement is quite favorable, especially with a model incorporating separation ahead of the concave corner. Reynolds number effects observed in real flows are argued to be associated with changes in the location of the outer-wall separation point. Requirements for relevancy of free-streamline models of internal flows separating at a salient edge are suggested and confirmed for cases examined.

Passive Manipulation of Separation-Bubble Transition Using Surface Modifications

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. McAuliffe ◽  
Metin I. Yaras
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Shear Layer ◽  
Separation Bubble ◽  
Surface Modifications ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vortex Pairing ◽  
Separated Shear Layer ◽  
Scale Turbulence

Through experiments using two-dimensional particle-image velocimetry (PIV), this paper examines the nature of transition in a separation bubble and manipulations of the resultant breakdown to turbulence through passive means of control. An airfoil was used that provides minimal variation in the separation location over a wide operating range, with various two-dimensional modifications made to the surface for the purpose of manipulating the transition process. The study was conducted under low-freestream-turbulence conditions over a flow Reynolds number range of 28,000–101,000 based on airfoil chord. The spatial nature of the measurements has allowed identification of the dominant flow structures associated with transition in the separated shear layer and the manipulations introduced by the surface modifications. The Kelvin–Helmholtz (K-H) instability is identified as the dominant transition mechanism in the separated shear layer, leading to the roll-up of spanwise vorticity and subsequent breakdown into small-scale turbulence. Similarities with planar free-shear layers are noted, including the frequency of maximum amplification rate for the K-H instability and the vortex-pairing phenomenon initiated by a subharmonic instability. In some cases, secondary pairing events are observed and result in a laminar intervortex region consisting of freestream fluid entrained toward the surface due to the strong circulation of the large-scale vortices. Results of the surface-modification study show that different physical mechanisms can be manipulated to affect the separation, transition, and reattachment processes over the airfoil. These manipulations are also shown to affect the boundary-layer losses observed downstream of reattachment, with all surface-indentation configurations providing decreased losses at the three lowest Reynolds numbers and three of the five configurations providing decreased losses at the highest Reynolds number. The primary mechanisms that provide these manipulations include: suppression of the vortex-pairing phenomenon, which reduces both the shear-layer thickness and the levels of small-scale turbulence; the promotion of smaller-scale turbulence, resulting from the disturbances generated upstream of separation, which provides quicker transition and shorter separation bubbles; the elimination of the separation bubble with transition occurring in an attached boundary layer; and physical disturbance, downstream of separation, of the growing instability waves to manipulate the vortical structures and cause quicker reattachment.

Properties of the mean recirculation region in the wakes of two-dimensional bluff bodies

1997 ◽  
Vol 351 ◽  
pp. 167-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BALACHANDAR ◽  
R. MITTAL ◽  
F. M. NAJJAR
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Reynolds Stress ◽  
Vortex Shedding ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Recirculation Region ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Stress Components ◽  
The Mean

The properties of the time- and span-averaged mean wake recirculation region are investigated in separated flows over several different two-dimensional bluff bodies. Ten different cases are considered and they divide into two groups: cylindrical geometries of circular, elliptic and square cross-sections and the normal plate. A wide Reynolds number range from 250 to 140000 is considered, but in all the cases the attached portion of the boundary layer remains laminar until separation. The lower Reynolds number data are from direct numerical simulations, while the data at the higher Reynolds number are obtained from large-eddy simulation and the experimental work of Cantwell & Coles (1983), Krothapalli (1996, personal communication), Leder (1991) and Lyn et al. (1995). Unlike supersonic and subsonic separations with a splitter plate in the wake, in all the cases considered here there is strong interaction between the shear layers resulting in Kármán vortex shedding. The impact of this fundamental difference on the distribution of Reynolds stress components and pressure in relation to the mean wake recirculation region (wake bubble) is considered. It is observed that in all cases the contribution from Reynolds normal stress to the force balance of the wake bubble is significant. In fact, in the cylinder geometries this contribution can outweigh the net force from the shear stress, so that the net pressure force tends to push the bubble away from the body. In contrast, in the case of normal plate, owing to the longer wake, the net contribution from shear stress outweighs that from the normal stress. At higher Reynolds numbers, separation of the Reynolds stress components into incoherent contributions provides more insight. The behaviour of the coherent contribution, arising from the dominant vortex shedding, is similar to that at lower Reynolds numbers. The incoherent contribution to Reynolds stress, arising from small-scale activity, is compared with that of a canonical free shear layer. Based on these observations a simple extension of the wake model (Sychev 1982; Roshko 1993a, b) is proposed.

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