Transitions from State Socialism: Economic and Political Change in Hungary and China. By Yanqi Tong. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997. 280p. $69.00 cloth, $26.95 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-247
Author(s):  
Tianjian Shi
Keyword(s):  
Political Change ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
State Socialism ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
The Relationship

Tong addresses one of the most important issues in compar- ative politics: What are the key factors that determine the courses and outcomes of transitions from state socialism? The book makes three contributions to this field of study. First, it reminds us that the relationship between state and society with regard to either power or objectives may not be zero-sum, as widely accepted by students of politics. The author argues that state and society may share a wide range of objectives, laying the groundwork for a cooperative rela- tionship. This helps explain why the regime and a society may compromise in the transition process.

Seed size, shape and persistence in soil: a test on Italian flora from Alps to Mediterranean coasts

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Cerabolini ◽  
Roberta M. Ceriani ◽  
Marco Caccianiga ◽  
Rossella De Andreis ◽  
Barbara Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Fate ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Seed Persistence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mediterranean Maquis ◽  
Italian Flora ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractSeed size is a good predictor of seed persistence in soil for British, Argentinean, Iranian and – to some extent – New Zealand species. It has been suggested that seed shape should also be linked to the ease of burial and, thus, to seed persistence, even if some studies failed to show this. The relationship between seed size and shape and persistence in soil was analysed for 259 species of the Italian flora, belonging to a wide range of habitats, from alpine pasture to limestone prairies and meadows of the Prealps, and from woodlands to Mediterranean maquis and garigues. Seed size was related to persistence in soil in the same way as in most other floras examined. Furthermore, seed shape was highly related to persistence in soil among the species analysed, when considered both altogether and divided among the different habitats. Our results suggest that not only seed size, but also seed shape, are key factors in determining seed fate and seed persistence in soil.

Control and Support: Research on Two Independent Relationships between State and Society: The State of Chinese Rural Society

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Tao Chuanjin
Keyword(s):  
Power Control ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Public Power ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Supportive Relationship ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Support Research

Abstract This paper uses theoretical analysis and substantial evidence to show that aside from the relationship of power control (权利控制) existing between state and society, there exists also assistance and support provided to society through the state’s use of public power. Moreover, this supportive relationship creates an independent dimension of interaction between state and society that cannot be simplified to the dimension of power control, a condition which we here deem the “dual-axis” relationship between state and society. The “dual-axis” relationship is opposed to the single-axis relationship espoused in traditional theories of civil society. The latter emphasize a zero-sum relationship of strength and weakness between state and society. The dual-axis relationship is not equivalent to simply proposing that there can be a constructive relationship between state and society, but rather emphasizes the structure comprised by these two relationships, and says that support can be independent of control and exhibit an effect all its own.

Rural Violence in Socialist China

1985 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 414-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Perry
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
State Control ◽  
The Past ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Traditional Patterns ◽  
Promising Line ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complex Manner

Have state policies under socialism radically and irrevocably transformed the Chinese countryside? Or do traditional attitudes and behaviour persist, fuelled by rural social structures that remain tenaciously vigorousdespitenew socialist imperatives? These questions have shaped much of the inquiry and debate on contemporary China over the past few decades. More recently, however, another promising line of argument has gained some currency. This approach does not pose the relationship between state control and traditional social structure as a “zero-sum conflict” in which the ascendancy of one is necessarily a loss for the other. Rather, it sees state and society as interacting in a more complex manner; a manner which is not always conflictual, and sometimes even quite complementary. By this view, certain policies of the Chinese state have contributed (albeit often unwittingly) to the survival and strengthening of traditional patterns of activity.

Science and the environment: assessing cultural capacity for ecological modernization

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurie J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Design ◽  
Ecological Modernization ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Public Commitment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Zero Sum ◽  
The Relationship

Ecological modernization is emerging as a new paradigm for the environmental improvement of advanced nations. Rather than emphasize the use of remedial technologies as has been customary since the 1970s, this approach reframes the relationship between economics and the environment to overcome the zero-sum antagonism of the earlier era. This transformation faces numerous obstacles, and ultimate success will depend on a wide range of predisposing national characteristics, including institutional design and economic organization. The current analysis focuses specifically on an often overlooked third factor, cultural endowment, examining the extent to which it will likely condition the capability of individual nations to meet these challenges. Particularly important cultural attributes for ecological modernization are a strong public commitment to science and a robust environmental consciousness. Using data from several cross-national sources, including the Euro-Barometer, the World Values Survey, and the International Social Survey Programme, this analysis assesses the cultural capacities of a sample of fifteen advanced nations. The Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries, because of widespread lay respect for science and extensive public endorsement of environmental protection, appear to have enhanced cultural potential to pursue ecological modernization.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

Examining Organizational, Cultural, and Individual-Level Factors Related to Workplace Safety and Health Awareness and Risks: A Systematic Review and Metric Analysis (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund W. J. Lee ◽  
Han Zheng ◽  
Htet Htet Aung ◽  
Megha Rani Aroor ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Citation Count ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Metric Analysis ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Promoting safety and health awareness and mitigating risks are of paramount importance to companies in high-risk industries. Yet, there are very few studies that have synthesized findings from existing online workplace safety and health literature to identify what are the key factors that are related to (a) safety awareness, (b) safety risks, (c) health awareness, and (d) health risks. OBJECTIVE As one of the first systematic reviews in the area of workplace health and safety, this study aims to identify the factors related to safety and health awareness as well as risks, and systematically map these factors within three levels: organizational, cultural, and individual level. Also, this review aims to assess the impact of these workplace safety and health publications in both academic (e.g., academic databases, Mendeley, and PlumX) and non-academic settings (e.g., social media platform). METHODS The systematic review was conducted in line with procedures recommended by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). First, Proquest, ScienceDirect and Scopus were identified as suitable databases for the systematic review. Second, after inputting search queries related to safety and health awareness and risks, the articles were evaluated based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Third, the factors identified in the included articles were coded systematically. Fourth, the research team assessed the impact of the articles through a combination of traditional and new metric analysis methods: citation count, Altmetric Attention Score, Mendeley readers count, usage count, and capture count. RESULTS Out of a total of 4,831 articles retrieved from the three databases, 51 articles were included in the final sample and were systematically coded. The results revealed six categories of organizational (management commitment, management support, organizational safety communication, safety management systems, physical work environment, and organizational environment), two cultural (interpersonal support and organizational culture), and four individual (perception, motivation, attitude and behavior) level factors that relate to safety and health awareness and risk. In terms of impact, the relationship between citation count and the various metrics measuring academic activity (e.g., Mendeley readers, usage count, and capture count) were mostly significant while the relationship between citation count and Altmetric Attention Score was non-significant. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a macro view of the current state of workplace safety and health research and gives scholars an indication on some of the key factors of safety and health awareness and risks. Researchers should also be cognizant that while their work may receive attention from the scholarly community, it is important to tailor their communication messages for the respective industries they are studying to maximize the receptivity and impact of their findings. CLINICALTRIAL N.A.

scholarly journals Comparison of the sensitivity of Western blotting between PVDF and NC membranes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufang Xiang ◽  
Yuanyuan Zheng ◽  
Shaobo Liu ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blotting ◽  
Polyvinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Direct Blue ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWestern blotting (WB) is one of the most widely used techniques to identify proteins as well as post translational modifications of proteins. The selection of electroblotted membrane is one of the key factors affecting the detection sensitivity of the protein which is transferred from gel to membrane in WB. The most common used membranes are polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nitrocellulose (NC) membranes. Which membrane of these two is more suitable for WB has not been reported so far. Here, by incubating proteins which were transferred to PVDF or NC membranes with a series of antibodies and different types of lectins, we investigated the relationship between the binding ability of these two membranes to proteins or glycoproteins and the molecular weight of the target protein. The antibody re-probed ability of the two membranes was also explored. Moreover, we verified the above results by directly incubating proteins having different molecular weights onto PVDF or NC membranes. Bound proteins were stained with direct blue-71, and the staining intensity was quantitated by scanning and densitometry.

scholarly journals Polymorphic Iterable Sequential Effect Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-79
Author(s):  
Colin S. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Structure ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Type Systems ◽  
Sequential Effect ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Sequential Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Categorical Semantics

Effect systems are lightweight extensions to type systems that can verify a wide range of important properties with modest developer burden. But our general understanding of effect systems is limited primarily to systems where the order of effects is irrelevant. Understanding such systems in terms of a semilattice of effects grounds understanding of the essential issues and provides guidance when designing new effect systems. By contrast, sequential effect systems—where the order of effects is important—lack an established algebraic structure on effects. We present an abstract polymorphic effect system parameterized by an effect quantale—an algebraic structure with well-defined properties that can model the effects of a range of existing sequential effect systems. We define effect quantales, derive useful properties, and show how they cleanly model a variety of known sequential effect systems. We show that for most effect quantales, there is an induced notion of iterating a sequential effect; that for systems we consider the derived iteration agrees with the manually designed iteration operators in prior work; and that this induced notion of iteration is as precise as possible when defined. We also position effect quantales with respect to work on categorical semantics for sequential effect systems, clarifying the distinctions between these systems and our own in the course of giving a thorough survey of these frameworks. Our derived iteration construct should generalize to these semantic structures, addressing limitations of that work. Finally, we consider the relationship between sequential effects and Kleene Algebras, where the latter may be used as instances of the former.

Anthropological communities of interpretation for Burma: An overview

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Chit Hlaing
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Anthropological Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis paper surveys the history of anthropological work on Burma, dealing both with Burman and other ethnic groups. It focuses upon the relations between anthropology and other disciplines, and upon the relationship of such work to the development of anthropological theory. It tries to show how anthropology has contributed to an overall understanding of Burma as a field of study and, conversely, how work on Burma has influenced the development of anthropology as a subject. It also tries to relate the way in which anthropology helps place Burma in the broader context of Southeast Asia.

Age-Dependency of Total Tau in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Corrected by Amyloid-β 1–40: A Correlational Study in Healthy Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Paul Theo Zebhauser ◽  
Achim Berthele ◽  
Marie-Sophie Franz ◽  
Oliver Goldhardt ◽  
Janine Diehl-Schmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Tau proteins are established biomarkers of neuroaxonal damage in a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions. Although measurement of total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is widely used in research and clinical settings, the relationship between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid is yet to be fully understood. While past studies reported a correlation between age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy adults, in clinical practice the same cut-off value is used independently of patient’s age. Objective: To further explore the relationship between age and total-Tau and to disentangle neurodegenerative from drainage-dependent effects. Methods: We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples of 76 carefully selected cognitively healthy adults and included amyloid-β 1–40 as a potential marker of drainage from the brain’s interstitial system. Results: We found a significant correlation of total-Tau and age, which was no longer present when correcting total-Tau for amyloid-β 1–40 concentrations. These findings were replicated under varied inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Results call into question the association of age and total-Tau in the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, they suggest diagnostic utility of amyloid-β 1–40 as a possible proxy for drainage-mechanisms into the cerebrospinal fluid when interpreting biomarker concentrations for neurodegenerative diseases.

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