The Curse of Good Intentions: Why Anticorruption Messaging Can Encourage Bribery

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055421001398 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

NIC CHEESEMAN ◽

CARYN PEIFFER

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Household Level ◽

Awareness Raising

Awareness-raising messages feature prominently in most anticorruption strategies. Yet, there has been limited systematic research into their efficacy. There is growing concern that anticorruption awareness-raising efforts may be backfiring; instead of encouraging citizens to resist corruption, they may be nudging them to “go with the corrupt grain.” This study offers a first test of the effect of anticorruption messaging on ordinary people’s behavior. A household-level field experiment, conducted with a representative sample in Lagos, Nigeria, is used to test whether exposure to five different messages about (anti)corruption influence the outcome of a “bribery game.” We find that exposure to anticorruption messages largely fails to discourage the decision to bribe, and in some cases it makes individuals more willing to pay a bribe. Importantly, we also find that the effect of anticorruption messaging is conditioned by an individual’s preexisting perceptions regarding the prevalence of corruption.

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First Steps in Beginning a Meta-analysis

Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691137285.003.0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Gavin B. Stewart ◽

Isabelle M. Côté ◽

Hannah R. Rothstein ◽

Peter S. Curtis

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Sampling Error ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Research Synthesis ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Different Types ◽

Statistical Approaches ◽

Definition Of ◽

Meta Analyses

This chapter discusses the initiation of the process of systematic research synthesis. Without a systematic approach to defining, obtaining, and collating data, meta-analyses may yield precise but erroneous results, with different types of sampling error (biases) and excess subjectivity in choice of methods and definition of thresholds; these devalue the rigor of any statistical approaches employed. The chapter considers exactly the same issues that face an ecologist designing a field experiment. What's the question? How can I define my sampling universe? How should I collect my data? What analyses should I undertake? How should I interpret my results robustly? These questions are considered in the context of research synthesis.

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Household-level correlates of condom use among a representative sample of Canadian adolescents

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh09091 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 441 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brandon D. L. Marshall ◽

Mieke Koehoorn ◽

Jean A. Shoveller

Keyword(s):

Condom Use ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Risk Behaviour ◽

Weak Sense ◽

Canadian Community Health Survey ◽

Sexual Practices ◽

Sexual Risk Behaviour ◽

Household Level ◽

Household Environment ◽

Nationally Representative

Background: The relationship between an adolescent’s micro-environment (e.g. the home) and the likelihood of engagement in sexual risk behaviour is poorly understood. Therefore, we sought to examine the household-level correlates of condom use at last intercourse among a nationally representative sample of Canadian adolescents aged 15 to 19. Methods: Using data from the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey, we conducted logistic regression analyses to determine whether factors related to characteristics of the household environment were associated with self-reported condom use at last intercourse. Results: Among 3974 sexually active adolescents, condom use at last intercourse was reported by 74.8%. After adjusting for household education and income, participants who reported living in larger dwellings were less likely to report condom non-use, while those reporting greater numbers of persons in the household were more likely to report condom non-use. Other significant correlates of condom non-use included older age, female sex, alternative birth control methods and having a weak sense of community belonging. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that factors related to the household environment are independently associated with condom use among adolescents. Policies and programs that aim to promote condom use should seek to address issues such as privacy, which may limit adolescents’ ability to engage in safer sexual practices.

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Such a Shame! A Study on Self-Perception of Household Food Waste

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11010270 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 270 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Luca Falasconi ◽

Clara Cicatiello ◽

Silvio Franco ◽

Andrea Segrè ◽

Marco Setti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Waste ◽

Food Systems ◽

Large Scale ◽

Sustainable Food Systems ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

Household Level ◽

Food Shopping ◽

Household Food ◽

Awareness Raising ◽

Main Determinants

Reducing food waste is globally considered as a key challenge in developing sustainable food systems. Although most food waste is generated at the household level, consumers hardly recognize their responsibility, and the factors underpinning their perception of the quantity of food wasted at home are still unclear. This paper aims to fill this gap by analyzing the results of a large-scale survey conducted in Italy. The perceived quantity of household food waste was measured through a Likert scale and analyzed by means of a logistic regression against a set of predictors, including food waste motivations, perception of the effects of food waste, and sociodemographic variables. As expected, the perceived quantity of food waste declared by respondents was very low. Among the main determinants, food shopping habits and the level of awareness about the reasons why food is wasted played a key role. In contrast, the perception of the environmental effects of food waste seemed to be less important. Differences among subsamples recruited in different areas of Italy were detected, suggesting that further studies, as well as awareness-raising policies, should also consider context-related variables.

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Participation, Government Legitimacy, and Regulatory Compliance in Emerging Economies: A Firm-Level Field Experiment in Vietnam

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055418000849 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 113 (2) ◽

pp. 530-551 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

EDMUND MALESKY ◽

MARKUS TAUSSIG

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Emerging Economies ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Regulatory Authority ◽

Regulatory Compliance ◽

Firm Level ◽

Advance Information ◽

Factory Floor

This paper employs a field experiment in single-party–ruled Vietnam to test whether providing a broad-based representative sample of firms the opportunity to comment on draft regulations increases their subsequent compliance. We find three main outcomes of this treatment. First, treated firms exhibited greater improvement in their views of government’s regulatory authority. Second, these firms were more likely to allow government-affiliated auditors to examine their factories. Third, treated firms demonstrated greater compliance on the factory floor. Access and compliance were not explained by the receipt of advance information about the regulation’s requirements, and none of the three outcomes required that firms offer substantive comments.

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What Have We Learned From Physiological Approaches to Characterizing Dysarthria and Other Speech Production Disorders?

Perspectives on Speech Science and Orofacial Disorders ◽

10.1044/ssod20.2.37 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 37-46

Author(s):

Nicole M. Etter

Keyword(s):

Speech Production ◽

Speech Disorders ◽

Research Literature ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Physiological Measures ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Assessment Measures ◽

Perceptual Assessment ◽

Perceptual Characteristics ◽

Diagnostic Resolution

Traditionally, speech-language pathologists (SLP) have been trained to develop interventions based on a select number of perceptual characteristics of speech without or through minimal use of objective instrumental and physiologic assessment measures of the underlying articulatory subsystems. While indirect physiological assumptions can be made from perceptual assessment measures, the validity and reliability of those assumptions are tenuous at best. Considering that neurological damage will result in various degrees of aberrant speech physiology, the need for physiologic assessments appears highly warranted. In this context, do existing physiological measures found in the research literature have sufficient diagnostic resolution to provide distinct and differential data within and between etiological classifications of speech disorders and versus healthy controls? The goals of this paper are (a) to describe various physiological and movement-related techniques available to objectively study various dysarthrias and speech production disorders and (b) to develop an appreciation for the need for increased systematic research to better define physiologic features of dysarthria and speech production disorders and their relation to know perceptual characteristics.

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The Embittered Mind

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000208 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 213-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hansjörg Znoj ◽

Sandra Abegglen ◽

Ulrike Buchkremer ◽

Michael Linden

Keyword(s):

Emotional Reaction ◽

Control Group ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Roc Curve Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Different Dimensions ◽

First Time ◽

Common Understanding

Abstract. There is a growing interest in embitterment as psychological concept. However, little systematic research has been conducted to characterize this emotional reaction. Still, there is an ongoing debate about the distinctiveness of embitterment and its dimensions. Additionally, a categorical and a dimensional perspective on embitterment have been developed independently over the last decade. The present study investigates the dimensions of embitterment by bringing these two different approaches together, for the first time. The Bern Embitterment Inventory (BEI) was given to 49 patients diagnosed with “Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder (PTED)” and a matched control group of 49 patients with psychological disorders with other dominant emotional dysregulations. The ability to discriminate between the two groups was assessed by t-tests and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves (ROC curve analysis). PTED patients scored significantly higher on the BEI than the patients of the control group. ROC analyses indicated diagnostic accuracy of the inventory. Further, we conducted Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) to examine the different dimensions of embitterment and their relations. As a result, we found four characteristic dimensions of embitterment, namely disappointment, lack of acknowledge, pessimism, and misanthropy. In general, our findings showed a common understanding of embitterment as a unique but multidimensional emotional reaction to distressful life-events.

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Automation Surprise

Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors ◽

10.1027/2192-0923/a000113 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 28-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert J. de Boer ◽

Karel Hurts

Keyword(s):

Flight Control ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Aviation Safety ◽

Control Mode ◽

Cognitive Errors ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Airline Pilots ◽

Flight Operations ◽

Widespread Phenomenon ◽

Few Data

Abstract. Automation surprise (AS) has often been associated with aviation safety incidents. Although numerous laboratory studies have been conducted, few data are available from routine flight operations. A survey among a representative sample of 200 Dutch airline pilots was used to determine the prevalence of AS and the severity of its consequences, and to test some of the factors leading to AS. Results show that AS is a relatively widespread phenomenon that occurs three times per year per pilot on average but rarely has serious consequences. In less than 10% of the AS cases that were reviewed, an undesired aircraft state was induced. Reportable occurrences are estimated to occur only once every 1–3 years per pilot. Factors leading to a higher prevalence of AS include less flying experience, increasing complexity of the flight control mode, and flight duty periods of over 8 hr. It is concluded that AS is a manifestation of system and interface complexity rather than cognitive errors.

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Association of Physical Morbidity and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Representative Sample of Older German People

European Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1027/2512-8442/a000019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 140-151

Author(s):

Markus A. Wirtz ◽

Matthias Morfeld ◽

Elmar Brähler ◽

Andreas Hinz ◽

Heide Glaesmer

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Short Form ◽

Physical Symptoms ◽

German Population ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related

Abstract. The association between health-related quality of life (HRQoL; Short-Form Health Survey-12; SF-12) and patient-reported morbidity-related symptoms measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) is analyzed in a representative sample of older people in the general German population. Data from 1,659 people aged 60 to 85 years were obtained. Latent class analysis identified six classes of patients, which optimally categorize clusters of physical symptoms the participants reported: musculoskeletal impairments (39.8%), healthy (25.7%), musculoskeletal and respiratory/cardiac impairments (12.8%), musculoskeletal and respiratory impairments, along with bowel and digestion problems (12.9%), general impairments (4.9%), and general impairments with no bowel and digestion problems (4.8%). The participants’ SF-12 Physical Health Scores (η2 = .39) and their Mental Health Scores (η2 = .28) are highly associated with these latent classes. These associations remain virtually identical after controlling for age. The results provide evidence that profiles of patient-reported physical impairments correspond strongly with reduced HRQoL independently from aging processes.

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