The effects of dietary fibre, source of fat and dietary energy concentration on the voluntary food intake and performance of growing pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTNinety entire male pigs were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of energy concentration on the performance of growing pigs given diets containing relatively high or low levels of fibre. A blended fat product was also compared with tallow as a source of dietary energy for pigs in the first experiment.In experiment 1, 60 pigs growing between 20 and 45 kg live weight were given 10 diets containing approximately 120 g acid-detergent fibre per kg (80 g crude fibre per kg), and 10, 30, 50, 75 or 100 g/kg of either tallow or the blended fat product.Although the source of fat had no significant effect on food intake or growth performance, voluntary energy intake and growth rate increased with increase in the level of fat added to the diet and with concomitant increase in dietary digestible energy (DE) concentration up to 50 g/kg and 13·2 MJ/kg respectively. Further increase in the level of fat added to the diet and in DE concentration resulted in a decline in voluntary food intake, whilst energy intake and growth rate remained relatively constant at 27 MJ/day and 720 g/day respectively.In experiment 2, 30 pigs were used to investigate the animals' response to five levels of dietary DE concentration (11·8 to 15·1 MJ DE per kg) between 20 and 50 kg live weight. The highest level of acid-detergent fibre in the diets was 62 g/kg (50 g crude fibre per kg) and this declined with increase in energy concentration to 30 g/kg (25 g crude fibre per kg) in the diet of highest energy concentration.Voluntary food intake was not significantly affected by dietary energy concentration, and voluntary energy intake and growth rate increased linearly with increase in dietary energy concentration up to 14·5 MJ DE per kg. Maximum energy intake (31 MJ DE per day) and growth rate (905 g/day) in experiment 2 was proportionately 0·15 and 0·26 higher than that achieved by pigs given the higher fibre diets in experiment 1.The results for voluntary food intake and growth rate suggested that the pig's demand for energy and consequently its response to dietary energy concentration was affected by dietary fibre concentration.

The prediction of the voluntary food intake of pigs on poor quality foods

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Tsaras ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractAn experiment was carried out to investigate the proposal that the voluntary food intake of pigs, when given foods based on bulky materials, can be accurately predicted from the water-holding capacity (WHC, g water per g dry food) values of the foods. A basal food (B), with 12·9 MJ digestible energy and 249 g crude protein per kg dry matter, was diluted to two extents by either sugar-beet pulp (S), grass meal (G) or soya hulls (H). The contents of the bulky materials in the total diets were either 320 g/kg (foods BS, BG and BH) or 800 g/kg (foods S, G and H). Each of these six foods was givenad libitumto six pigs in period I, which lasted for 21 days, with a further four given B. In period II, which lasted for 14 days and followed period I immediately, the pigs were also given their food ad libitum. Only the 36 pigs from the six ‘bulky“treatments (i.e. on treatments other than B) continued in a change-over design. Two pigs from each of the six ‘bulky’ treatments were allocated to the three foods of the same level of dilution (e.g. the six pigs from BS were changed to BS, BG and BH). Of the ‘bulk’ characteristics measured (crude fibre, acid-detergent fibre, neutral-detergent fibre, apparent digestibility of the organic matter, density and WHC) only WHC accounted sufficiently for the effects of the foods on the voluntary food intake of the pigs. The two methods of centrifugation and filtration that were used for the WHC determination were very highly correlated (r = 0·978), with food B having the lowest value, 3·86 g water per g dry food, and food S having the highest value, 8·48 g water per g dry food, when measured by centrifugation. In both periods the rate of intake was calculated as g/kg live weight per day, scaled intake (SFI). Live-weight gain and food conversion efficiency both decreased significantly (P< 0·001) as B was diluted with S, G and H. For the six ‘bulky’ feeding treatments SFI in the last 14 days of period I was proportional to the reciprocal of the WHC of the foods: SFI (g/kg per day) = 235 (s.e. 6·3). No effects of previous feeding treatment on site were observed in period II as a whole; however, intake initially increased when the food had lower WHC than the one previously offered and decreased when it had higher WHC. It was concluded that: (a) the WHC of a food is a sufficient descriptor of its ‘bulk’ and that it accounts for the effects on the voluntary food intake of pigs; (b) the detailed methods used for measuring WHC need to be standardized; (c) pigs can adapt more rapidly to bulky foods when they have had prior experience of such foods; (d) the length of time needed to observe an intake, which will be characteristic of the bulky food on offer, depends on the prior experience of the pig.

A note on the response of pigs weaned at 28 days to dietary protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTThirty-six piglets were used to investigate the effect of six concentrations of dietary protein ranging from 155 to 235 g/kg, and corresponding dietary lysine concentrations from 10·1 to 15·4 g/kg, on the performance of pigs weaned at 28 days of age and growing between 7·5 and 20 kg live weight. Voluntary food intake was not significantly affected by dietary protein, and growth rate increased with increase in dietary protein and lysine up to 167 and 10·9 g/kg respectively (0·75 g lysine per MJ digestible energy (DE)). Food: gain ratio improved significantly with each increase in dietary protein and lysine up to 177 and 11·6 g/kg (0·79 g lysine per MJ DE) respectively.

Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 2. The effect of a period of reduced growth rate on the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Whittemore ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bulk Content ◽  
High Bulk ◽  
Subsequent Intake

AbstractThe effect of a period of feeding on a high bulk food, upon the subsequent intake of foods of differing bulk content, was investigated in two experiments of the same design. The intention was to provide a severe test of the two current conceptual frameworks available for the prediction and understanding of food intake. In each experiment 40 male Manor Meishan pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups at weaning. Each experiment was split into two periods, P1 (12 to 18 kg) and P2 (18 to 32 kg). The treatments, all with ad libitum feeding, were: a control food (C) given throughout (treatment CC); a medium bulk food (M) given throughout (treatment MM); a high bulk food (H) given in P1 and then C in P2 (treatment HC); H given in P1 and M in P2 (treatment HM). C was based on micronized wheat with 13·4 MJ digestible energy and 243 g crude protein per kg fresh food. In experiment 1 M contained 350 g/kg and H 560 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp and in experiment 2 M contained 500 g/kg and H 700 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp. Framework 1 predicted that food intake on the medium bulk food (M) would not be increased, whereas framework 2 predicted that intake on M would be increased after a period of feeding on H, compared with when M was offered continuously.In P1, both food intake (P < 0·01) and growth (P < 0·001) were severely limited on H compared with C. In experiment 1 growth was limited on M compared with C during the first 7 days of P1 (P < 0·01) only. In experiment 2 intake (P < 0·001) and growth (P < 0·001) on M were limited throughout P1, compared with C but not thereafter. Therefore, in neither experiment did M cause a lower growth rate than C from 18 to 32 kg. In experiment 1 there was full adaptation to M after about 10 days from 12 kg. In experiment 2 adaptation was complete by the end of the first 7 days from 18 kg.In P2, food intake (P < 0·001) and live-weight gain (P < 0·05 and P < 0·001 in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were increased on HC compared with CC. By the last 7 days of P2 intake was still higher (P < 0·01) but growth rate was no longer different to CC. Intake and gain were increased in P2 on HM compared with MM but, in general, these differences were small and not significant. In the first 7 days of P2, in experiment 1 pigs on HM had higher intakes (P < 0·001) and gains (P < 0·05) than those on MM, but in experiment 2 only intake was higher (P < 0·01) with no difference in gain. By the last 7 days of P2 there was no difference in either intake or gain between these two groups in either experiment. Pigs on HC increased intake by more than those on HM. There was, therefore, a significant interaction for food intake (P < 0·05, in experiment 1 and P < 0·001, in experiment 2) between prior and present food.The unexpected failure of either M food to limit growth throughout the experimental period meant that the results of these experiments could not be used as a strong test to reject either one of the frameworks. However, the ability of the pigs to compensate on M was less than that on C. The data provide some evidence that under conditions of compensation foods such as M may be limiting. This is in closer agreement with the framework that predicted that consumption of a limiting food will not increase after a period of feeding on a high bulk food (framework 1).

Growth and herbage consumption of grazing Merino and Border Leicester lambs reared by their mothers or fostered by ewes of the other breed

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARYEight Border Leicester castrated male lambs (wethers) were fostered on to 8 Merino ewes (MB) at birth, and 10 Merino wethers were fostered on to Border Leicester ewes (BM). Two additional groups of 10 wethers consisted of Border Leicester lambs (BB) and Merino lambs (MM) reared by their natural mothers. The lambs and ewes grazed together and growth rate, and milk and herbage consumption of the lambs were recorded.Live-weight gains to weaning at 74 days were 275, 245, 204 and 184 g/day for groups BB, MB, BM and MM respectively. Lambs reared by Border Leicester ewes received more milk and consumed less grass than lambs of similar genotype reared by Merinos, but BM lambs consumed less milk than BB lambs. Merino lambs also consumed less grass than Border Leicester lambs.It was concluded that Merinos grew more slowly than Border Leicester lambs primarily because of their lower voluntary food intake. The lower milk production of Merino ewes was considered to be of secondary significance since if herbage is available ad libitum, lambs with high voluntary intakes will compensate for the lack of milk by consuming more forage.

Diet selection in pigs: choices made by growing pigs given foods of different protein concentrations

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
C. T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Total Food

ABSTRACTTo test the proposition that growing pigs, when given a choice between two foods, are able to select a diet that meets their requirements, and to investigate the rules of diet selection, four foods (L, A, B and H) with similar energy yields, but different concentrations of crude protein (CP) (125, 174, 213 and 267 g CP per kg fresh food respectively) were formulated. The four foods were offeredad libitumeither singly, or as a two-way choice using all the six possible pairs, to 40 individually caged pigs from 12 to 30 kg live weight. On the single foods the rate of food intake fell from 1001 to 971 to 961 to 868 (s.e.d. 40) g/day (F < 0·05) as the protein concentration of the foods increased from L to H; the growth rate followed an opposite trend (492, 627, 743 and 693 (s.e.d. 31) g/day respectively;P< 0·01). When the pigs had to select between two foods limiting in protein (L and A) the less limiting one was preferred (710 (s.e. 200) g A per kg total food intake; the protein concentration of the selected diet was 160 (s.e. 10) g CP per kg). On the choice between B and H (a choice between a food with protein concentration close to requirements and a food with protein excess) the lower food was markedly preferred (928 (s.e. 4) g B per kg total food intake; the protein concentration of the selected diet was 218 (s.e. 1) g CP per kg). When the animals were given a choice between two foods, a combination of which was non-limiting (pairs LB, LH, AB and AH), the protein concentrations of the selected diets were not different between treatments (208, 204, 202 and 205 (s.e.d. 13) g CP per kg respectively) and they also declined systematically with time and weight. The growth rate of the animals on these pairs were 752, 768, 769 and 763 (s.e.d. 54) g/day (P > 0·05), which were not significantly different from the highest growth rate achieved on a single food. The results suggest that pigs, when given a choice between a suitable pair of foods, are able to choose a balanced diet and to change its composition to reflect their changing requirements. The choice-feeding method may well be useful as an effective and economic way of estimating and meeting requirements, and of measuring the growth potential of pigs.

Cassava and tallow in diets for growing pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Growth Experiments

ABSTRACTIn two experiments 480 and 360 pigs were housed in groups of 10 and given diets containing different proportions of cassava between 35 and 87 kg live weight. The cassava contained 672, 34, 57 and 39 g/kg air dry matter of starch, crude fibre, total ash and insoluble ash respectively. The diets in the first experiment contained 0, 238, 475 or 713 kg cassava per t. In the second experiment the different levels of dietary cassava (0, 150, 300 or 450 kg cassava per t) were combined in a factorial design with different levels of tallow (0, 50 or 100 kg tallow per t). The pigs were given quantities of food calculated to give isoenergy intakes on the assumption that air-dry cassava contained 14·2 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg. The feeding scale increased with time to give a maximum daily allowance of DE of 31·8 MJ per pig. Relative to each MJ of DE the calculated levels of lysine and of methionine plus cystine in the diets were 0·64 g and 0·39 g respectively.In both experiments, increasing levels of cassava resulted in significant reductions in growth rate but had no effect on the conversion of food to live weight or on carcass weight. In both experiments, the diets with the highest inclusions of cassava produced pigs with the thickest backfat. The effect was not significant in the second experiment but in the first experiment the differences were significant between diets with the highest and intermediate levels of cassava. There was a significant interaction between cassava and tallow on growth rate with the depression due to high levels of cassava being reduced when 100 kg tallow per t was included in the diet.The results of these growth experiments suggested that cassava of the type used here was of similar value to barley on an energy basis when used in diets based on barley and soya bean meals.

The effect of stocking density on the responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine

2001 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Ferguson ◽  
G. Lavers ◽  
R.M. Gous
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Lysine Content ◽  
Large White ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Floor Space

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to measure the effects of stocking density (increased number of pigs per pen) on lysine requirements of pigs grown from 25 to 60 kg live weight. Two hundred and sixty-four female Large White ✕ Landrace pigs were assigned at 25 kg to one of four dietary lysine treatments (13·3 (L1); 11·4 (L2); 9·5 (L3) and 7·6 (L4) g/kg) and either seven or 13 pigs per pen (or 1 0 and 0·5 m2 per pig, respectively). An additional treatment of one pig per pen (20 m2 per pig) was included to compare the responses of solitary- versus group-penned pigs. Animals were given ad libitum access to dietary treatments from a mean pen starting weight of 261 (s.e. 0·35) kg to a mean pen finishing weight of 63·4 (s.e. 0·61) kg live weight. There were no significant interactions between dietary lysine content and floor space per pig on food intake (FI), average daily growth rate (ADG), the amount of food per unit of gain (FCR) and the rate of protein retention (PR). Significant interactions were evident for body composition and the rate of lipid retention (LR). Over the weight range 25 to 40 kg there were significant differences in FI (P < 0·05) and FCR (P < 0·001) between dietary lysine treatments but most of these differences had disappeared over the 40 to 60 kg live weight. Individually penned animals had significantly higher (P < 0·05) FI and ADG than group-penned animals. However, there were no differences between seven and 13 pig per pen treatments. Stocking density had no effect on LR or body protein content but did cause a significant reduction in PR (P < 0·001) and an increase in body lipid content (P < 0·05) as the number of pigs per pen increased from seven to 13. Lysine requirements (expressed in g/day) therefore could be seen to be reduced with increasing stocking density. However, as lysine intake was reduced in group-penned animals, the reduced daily requirement does not necessarily warrant a reduction in the lysine content of the food. Feeding according to the requirements for maximum PR will still produce the best carcass and growth performance irrespective of the group size. The improvement in PR associated with higher dietary nutrient levels did not completely offset the adverse physiological effects of higher stocking density but may partly counteract the effect of reduced lysine intake. However, there were indications that feeding crowded pigs a lower dietary lysine concentration may not further reduce the already diminished protein (lysine) growth rate. An additional experiment was performed to test whether the number of feeder bins may have constrained food intake and therefore growth in group-penned animals. The results of this experiment showed that the number of bins had no significant effect on FI, ADG and FCR in group-penned pigs, and therefore a single feeder bin was not considered a constraining factor in pigs housed with limited floor space.

Effect of pasture growth rate on live-weight gain of grazing beef cattle

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Ebersohn ◽  
K. W. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Differential Contribution

SummaryLive-weight gain of beef cattle grazing all-grass or grass-clover pastures, details of which have been reported previously, was significantly (P < 0·01) correlated with pasture growth rate, but not with pasture dry matter on offer (either total or green), or with dietary-energy concentration. From ideas generated from the relationship between live-weight gain and pasture growth rate, and using intake values measured from the number and size of prehension bites, it is shown how high live-weight gain for measured dietary-energy concentration could be explained by differential contribution to digestibility and voluntary intake from pasture new growth.

scholarly journals Differential effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrate to growing pigs on performance, gut size and slaughter characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
D. W. Pethick ◽  
B. P. Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Growth ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThirty-five gilts grown between 18 and 55 kg live weight were used to examine the effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrate on voluntary food intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and large intestinal growth. Five diets were used. The first diet contained steam-flaked sorghum and a supplement based on animal protein sources and 40 g/kg soya-bean meal (diet SAP). Using this diet as a base, three other diets contained either (i) guar gum, a source of soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) (diet SAP + S-NSP), (ii) Novelose™, a source of resistant starch (RS) (diet SAP + RS), and (Hi) a combination of both S-NSP and RS (diet SAP + S-NSP + RS). The final diet (diet WBL) was based on wheat, barley and Australian sweet lupins. Diets (i), (ii) and (Hi) were formulated such that the concentrations of soluble NSP, oligosaccharide and RS were similar to those contained in diet WBL. There was no relationship (F > 0·05) between voluntary food intake and indices of hind-gut fermentation, although pigs given diets SAP + S-NSP and SAP + S-NSP + RS took longer to reach the slaughter weight of 55 kg (F < 0·001) and converted food less efficiently than pigs given other diets (F < 0·001). An increased intake of S-NSP (R2 = 0·842, P < 0·05) and S-NSP + RS (R2 = 0·805, F < 0·05) was positively correlated to an increased (empty) weight of the large intestine. A significant negative relationship (R2 = 0·78, F < 0·05) existed between the daily intake of S-NSP + RS and dressing proportion, such that each gram increase caused a 0·25 g/kg decrease in the dressing proportion of pigs. No such relationships existed between the daily intake of soluble NSP, insoluble NSP, or RS (P > 0·05) with dressing proportion. These data suggest that the sources of fermentable carbohydrate used in this study, i.e. soluble NSP and RS, may not significantly depress voluntary food intake but can affect performance and have a significant effect on large intestinal growth and dressing proportion.

The utilization of dietary energy by steers during periods of restricted food intake and subsequent realimentation

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Ledger
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Daily Energy

SUMMARYAn investigation was carried out to determine the daily energy intakes necessary to maintain, the live weights of ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers (i.e. those held at constant live weight in pens for not less than 15 weeks) when walked at 5 km/h for distances of 5, 10 and 15 km/day.The experiment utilized groups of Boran Zebu and Hereford × Boran Zebu steers at live weights of 275 and 450 kg.Fed a standard diet of energy concentration 10·477 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg D.M. it was found that the Hereford × Boran steers required significantly less food per day, at both live weights, than did the Borans to maintain live weight when walking distances of 15 km/day.Based on the data relating to the total distance walked of 1120 km in 133 days it was calculated that the additional energy cost of maintaining live weight when walking was close to 4·184 kJ ME/kg/km walked. The efficiency of conversion of ME for walking was 50%.For ‘maintenance-stabilized’ steers it was calculated that the 275 kg steers required 24, 49 and 73% more daily D.M. intake and the 450 kg steers 34, 69 and 97% more daily D.M. intake when walked 5, 10 and 15 km/day respectively than would have been the case if they had been kept inactive in pens.

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