The development of solid food intake in calves 3. The relation between solid food intake and the development of the alimentary tract

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Milk Substitute

SUMMARY1. Jersey calves were fed on milk substitute at the rate of 10% of live weight per day for 5 weeks and were offered either chopped dried grass or ground, pelleted dried grass to appetite. Calves were slaughtered at birth and after 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 weeks on experiment, and the weights of the component parts of the alimentary tract and their contents were measured.2. There were close correlations between the weights of the sections of the alimentary tract or their contents and the solid food intake at slaughter, total solid food intake, or empty body weight of the calves. There were no consistent changes with age in the DM concentration or the density of the digesta in any section of the alimentary tract except the abomasum, or in the digestibility or mean retention time of the diets.3. Grinding and pelleting the diet increased the DM concentration but did not affect the density of the digesta. The increase in the weight of rumen contents per unit increase in dry-matter intake was much greater for chopped than for pelleted diets. The reverse was true for the contents of the abomasum and small intestine. There were relatively small variations between diets in the predicted weight of rumen contents, total digesta, or the volume of organs in the abdomen, at the within-diet mean levels of dry-matter intake.

Genetic correlations between linear type traits, food intake, live weight and condition score in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Veerkamp ◽  
S. Brotherstone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits

AbstractVariance components were estimated from an animal model using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure which allowed for unequal design matrices and missing observations (VCE). Data sets containing: (i) 15 275 records of linear type classifications on heifers, (ii) 3399 live weight and condition scores measured at calving and (iii) 1157 records of yield, dry-matter intake, average live weight and condition score during the first 26 weeks of lactation; were analysed jointly.Heritability estimates for dry-matter intake, live weight and condition score in the largest data set were 0·44, 0·44 and 0·35 respectively and the genetic correlation between condition score and the yield traits ranged from −0·29 to −0·46. The genetic correlation between milk yield and average live weight was negative (−0·09) but after adjusting for the genetic variation in condition score this correlation was positive (0·29). Genetic correlations between live weight and stature, chest width, body depth and rump width were consistently high (0·52 to 0·64; 0·75 to 0·86; 0·59 to 0·81; 0·56 to 0·74, respectively). Chest width and body depth were little to moderately correlated with dry-matter intake (0·25 to 0·28 and 0·20 to 0·34 respectively), and angularity (−0·47 to −0·77) and chest width (0·32 to 0·73) appeared to be good predictors of condition score. These correlations showed that (i) the relative value of live weight compared with food intake capacity determines the optimum direction of selection for stature, chest width, body depth and angularity, and consequently the optimum size of the dairy cow, and that (ii) live weight, condition score and food intake can be predicted from the type traits with little loss in accuracy. A restricted index which maintains condition score at its current level was predicted to reduce overall (economic) genetic gain by 5%.

A note on a comparison of two systems for rearing pigs weaned at 2 days of age, involving either a liquid or a pelleted diet

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
M. J. Newport
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Pelleted Diet

SUMMARYIn two experiments pigs were weaned at 2 days of age on to a liquid milk substitute, and from 7 days were either kept to 28 days in individual cages and given the liquid diet to a scale based on live weight, or kept in groups and allowed continuous access to the same diet in the form of pellets. The dry-matter intake from the pelleted diet was considerably less than that from the liquid diet, and the live weight of the pigs given the liquid diet was considerably greater at 28 days. The type of diet did not affect the feed: gain ratio. A liquid diet seems essential to realize the maximum growth potential of pigs weaned at 2 days of age. All pigs received a pelleted diet from 29 days and their overall performance from 2 to 56 days was similar regardless of initial treatment.In a further experiment, the performance of pigs given the liquid diet was better when individually caged rather than when kept in groups.

scholarly journals The effect of environmental temperature on the performance and health of the pre-ruminant and ruminant calf

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
Helen J. Gaston ◽  
P. Ganderton ◽  
Susan M. Shotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Dry Food

1. Eighty bull calves, comprising forty-eight ayrshire and sixteen each of the Friesian and Jersey breeds, were used in a randomized block experiment. Forty calves were maintainted at a mean environmental temperature of 21° and forty at 14·5°. Within each temperature, twenty calves were reared from birth on a liquid milk substitute diet (pre-ruminant calves) and twenty were weaned at 35 d of age on to dry food (ruminant calves). Each type of diet was gien either ad lib. or at a restricted level. The calves were slaughtered at about 100 d of age.2. The incidence of a high rectal temperature (> 39·39°) was greater for the pre-ruminant than for the ruminant calves during the first 14 d of life and throughout the whole experimental period, and was higher for calves at an enviromental temperature of 21° than for thosekept at 14·5°. During the experimental period as a whole, but not during the first 14 d of life, the incidence of diarrhoea was greater for the pre-ruminant calves. Mean rectal temperature was higher for the pre-ruminant calves and also higher for the calves reared at the high environmental temperature.3. The incidence of lung lesions at slaughter was significantly higher in the ruminant than in the pre-ruminant calves, and tended to be higher at the high environmental temperature. There was a highly significant positive relationship between severity of lung lesions and incidence of a high rectal temperature (> 39·33°) and mean rectal temperature. Jersey and Friesian calves, but not Ayrshire calves, showed increased severity of lung lesions with increasing relative humidity at the low environmental temperature. When the results at the 'high' environmentaltemperature were combined with those obtained in an earlier experiment, the severity of lung lesiogs for Jersey and Friesian calves increased with decreasing relative humidity. At the ‘high’ but not at the ‘low’ temperature, severity of lung lesions was inversely related to skin weight/kgO·73.4. Live-weight gain was much lower for the ruminant calves, but was unaffected by environ-mental temperature. Daily dry-matter intake from liquid diets given ad lib. did not differ be-tween breeds at the same live weight. In contrast, daily dry-matter intake from dry food given ad lib. was greatest for the Jersey and lowest for the Friesian at the same live weight. The same daily dry-matter intake from liquid as from dry diets was achieved at similar percentages of mature weight for the three breeds. Relative weight gain within type of diet was similar for Jersey and Ayrshire calves, but tended to be higher for the Friesian calves.5. Carcassweight, carcass weight0·73, perirenal fat deposition, skin weight and killing out percentage were much lower for the ruminant calves. When adjusted for differences between treatment means for carcass weight0·73, perirenal fat deposition was greater at the ad lib. levels of intake and was 36% greater for pre-ruminant calves given milk substitute ad lib. at an environmental temperature of 21° than for those maintained at 14·5°.6. It is concluded that there is no advantage to be gained from rearing calves at an environ mental temperature above 14·5°, unless increased fat deposition is required in veal calves.

The effect of the physical form of the diet on the consumption of solid food by calves, and the distribution of food residues in their alimentary tracts

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Food Residues ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

SUMMARY1. British Friesian male calves were offered, in two experiments, either chopped, or ground and pelleted dried grass diets to appetite. In one experiment the pelleted diet was also given in restricted quantities. The calves were slaughtered without being fasted, 6 to 9 weeks after weaning, and detailed measurements were made of the weights and volumes of the sections of the alimentary tract and its contents, and of other abdominal organs.2. Grinding and pelleting the diet reduced mean retention time by approximately 50% and digestibility by 6 to 8 units, and increased dry-matter intake in the two experiments by 55 or 32% respectively, and growth rate by 53 and 69% respectively.3. The ground and pelleted diets resulted in a smaller quantity of fluid digesta in the rumen, and a much greater quantity in the abomasum and small intestine.4. There were smaller differences between diets in the quantity of digesta in the combined caecum and colon, or in the total volume of the organs of the abdomen, than in the amount of digesta in the rumen. It is suggested that further critical studies are required upon the importance of the contents of the alimentary tract, or of the abdomen as a whole, in the control of voluntary food intake in ruminants.

The development of solid food intake in calves 5. The relationship between liquid and solid food intake

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Dry Matter Concentration ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYReconstituted milk substitute was given at two concentrations of powder (10% and 20%), each at four levels (10% powder—8, 12, 16 and 20% of live weight (LW); 20% powder—6, 8, 10 and 12% of LW) to 3 British Friesian male calves per treatment from 2 to 4 weeks after arrival, and the calves were weaned over the next 7 days. Chopped dried grass was offered to appetite before and for 3 weeks after weaning. The amount of solid food eaten was not affected by the dry-matter concentration of the milk substitute, but was significantly depressed as the amount of milk consumed increased. Between-treatment differences in solid food intake established at weaning persisted until the end of the experiment. There was a dose, positive relationship between milk intake and live-weight gain (LWG) before weaning, but weight gain after weaning was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake before weaning.

The rate of passage of food through the alimentary tract of pigs

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Castle ◽  
M. E. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fattening Pigs

A method for measuring the rate of passage of meal through the alimentary tract of pigs by feeding a stained marker is described. The results are given of sixty-four experiments made under standardized conditions on four fattening pigs with live weights ranging from 49·9 to 185·5 lb. and six experiments on a sow weighing 500 lb.Results were expressed by means of excretion curves. These were sigmoid in shape and from them a value termed R, the mean retention time (hr.) of all the stained particles in the alimentary tract, directly proportional to the area to the left of the curve, was calculated.In the fattening piga the first appearance of the marker in the faeces occurred 10–24 hr. after feeding, and the mean 5 and 95% excretion times were 21 and 53 hr. respectively. The marker was completely excreted after approximately 80–90 hr. The R value averaged 34·2 hr.A marker fed at the morning feed (9 a.m.) had earlier 5 and 95% excretion times and the R value was significantly smaller.There was no statistically significant relationship between the R values and live weight, digestibility of the dry matter of the ration or the dry-matter content of the faeces.In the sow the 5 and 95% excretion times were 38 and 68 hr. respectively, and the R value averaged 51·1 hr.Counts of stained particles in the intestines of two of the pigs after slaughter showed that food was delayed mainly in the large intestine.

Lactation studies with Blackface ewes and their lambs

1968 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

SUMMARYData collected from mid-pregnancy until the 5th week of lactation were used to select three nearly uniform groups each of nine ewes suckling single lambs. After 4 weeks of lactation, experimental treatments were applied to these selected groups as follows: Group I. Both ewes and lambs fed ad lib.throughout. Group II. Ewes fed ad lib. throughout. Lambs offered one-third the quantity of solid food being consumed by group I lambs. Group III. Food intake of ewes restricted to 9·2 g D.o.M./kg, based on their mid-pregnancy live weights. Lambs fed ad lib. throughout. The effects of these treatments were assessed in terms of milk production, food intakes and live-weight changes of ewes, and the solid food intake and growth rates of lambs. Mean total milk production of ewes of groups I and II remained similar until the 8th lactation week, but during the 8–12 week period milk production of the ewes in group II was 6·17 kg greater than that of ewes in group I. The data suggest this difference was due to a reduced intake of milk by the lambs suckling the ewes in group I during the weaning process. From week 4 the milk yield of group III ewes declined rapidly and though these ewes drew on body reserves for milk production, this process could not sustain milk yields. The average daily live-weight gains of lambs of groups I and III were both significantly greater than that of group II, and the gain of group I lambs was significantly greater than that of group III. All groups of ewes made similar live-weight gains during early lactation and after 4 weeks each group had attained a mean value of about 60 kg. Groups I and II continued to gain weight and during week 12 their respective mean weights were 67 and 65 kg. This difference was not statistically significant. The mean live weight of group III ewes declined rapidly after week 4, reaching a minimum value of 41·5 kg. The mean daily intake of dry matter by ewes of all groups reached a maximum value of about 2·9 kg/ewe in lactation week 3 and declined to about 2·6 kg in week 4. Intakes by ewes in groups I and II were almost identical throughout. During the period of restricted feeding the mean daily intake of group III ewes was 0·58 kg dry matter/ewe. During week 5 the mean daily intakes of solid food dry matter by lambs of groups I, II and III were 44, 32 and 158 g respectively. These increased to 1230, 418 and 1537 g respectively during week 12.

The effects of body condition at calving, food intake and performance in early lactation on blood composition of dairy cows given complete diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACTIn each of two trials, three groups of eight cows, with condition scores of 1-5 to 2, 2-5 to 3 and 3-5 to 4 at calving, were given a complete diet for the first 16 weeks of lactation. Food intake, milk yield, live weight and condition score were measured, and related to levels of plasma glucose and free fatty acids, serum insulin, prolactin and progesterone in weekly blood samples, in an attempt to explain differences in food intake.In both trials, levels of plasma free fatty acids were high after calving for all cows and declined rapidly until week 8, after which they were fairly constant. Glucose and insulin levels increased after calving, producing curves similar to that for dry-matter intake in the first 8 weeks of lactation. Prolactin levels fluctuated too markedly to provide useful information. Progesterone levels increased until week 7 and then fluctuated at 3-week intervals coincident with oestrus. Dry-matter intake was negatively correlated with free fatty acid levels and positively correlated with insulin in trial 1, and with glucose and progesterone in both trials.

The development of solid food intake in calves. 1. The effect of previous experience of solid food, and the physical form of the diet, on the development of food intake after weaning

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Time Required

SUMMARY1. British Friesian male calves were offered reconstituted milk substitute four times a day in steadily increasing quantities, so that the amount offered exceeded appetite after 14 days. They were given one of three dried herbage diets (pellets P1 and P2, and untreated material H2 made from the same crop as P2) to appetite, either from the start of the experiment (Treatment A) or from the start of weaning (Treatment W) 21 days after arrival. The experiment was terminated six weeks after the calves were weaned.2. Grinding and pelleting (P2 v. H2) markedly reduced the in vivo digestibility of the diet, and the time of retention in the alimentary tract, increased the voluntary dry-matter intake by 50% and live-weight gain of the calves by 100%. The intakes of the two pelleted diets were similar.3. The intake of diet H2 after weaning was greater in calves which had experience of the diet before weaning than in those which did not, but the intake of the pelleted diets was not affected by previous experience of solid food. The time required to eat unit weight of dry matter was four times as long for diet H2 as for the pelleted diets, and there were similar differences between diets in ruminating time. It is suggested that the development of solid food intake is influenced by the ease with which the diet can be eaten.4. The initial increase in solid food intake after weaning was related to an increase in the times spent eating and ruminating, but later increases in food intake were achieved with no further increases in eating or ruminating time.

scholarly journals RAPID FATTENING OF WEANED LAMBS

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Π. ΚΑΛΑΪΣΑΚΗΣ ◽  
Γ. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Agricultural College ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Digestible Protein

In a series of experiments, conducted at the Agricultural College of Athens with crossbred lambs (Friessian X local Attica breed) aged 2 to 3 days, were studied the requirements in energy and digestible protein for the production of lambs slaughtered at 30 to 32 Kg live weight and having carcass quality similar to that of heavy weight milkfed lambs. It was found that this can be achieved with 30 days of feeding with milk substitute and a total intake of 50.000 starch units, 5 : 1 ratio of starch units to digestible protein until 11 weeks of age and 6 : 1 subsequently until the end of fattening period (15 weeks). A linear relationship was found to exist 1) between 10 week live weight and starch units or dry matter intake, 2) between 15 week live weight and starch units or dry matter intake and 3) between 10 and 15 week live weight. These relationships provide the ways to be followed for further study on the subject.

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