Backfat studies in growing pigs 1. Influence of energy intake on growth and carcass measurements at varying live weights

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Giles ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
B. R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Energy

ABSTRACT1. Measurements of digestible energy intake, live growth and carcass measurements were conducted with 96 individually housed pigs (48 male and 48 female) given the same diet at four feeding levels (ad libitum; Agricultural Research Council daily digestible energy intake (C); C–12·5%; and C–25% daily digestible energy intake. The pigs were slaughtered at one of six live weights (45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 kg).2. Prediction equations of average daily live-weight gain and introscope P2 backfat thickness on the hot carcass (hot P2) were developed as functions of average daily digestible energy intake for males and females at varying live weights. The relationships found were 20·8 g live-weight gain per MJ digestible energy intake and 0·81 mm hot P2 backfat thickness per MJ digestible energy intake from 25 to 90 kg live weight.3. Compared with feeding level C, C –25% produced no difference in feed conversion ratio, reduced shoulder maximum, mid-back and loin minimum backfat thickness by 6–8 mm (14–4%), 4–2 mm (168%) and 4–1 mm (17–5%) respectively (P<0·01) and increased eye-muscle area by 2908mm2 (10·9%).4. Compared with females, males reached slaughter weight 9·4 days earlier, increased daily live-weight gain by 64g, increased feed conversion ratio by 0·3, had 1·6mm less hot P2 backfat thickness, had less backfat at all mid-line positions and showed no difference in eye-muscle area.

A comparison of Canadian Holstein and British Friesian steers for the production of beef from an 18-month grass/cereal system

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Cook ◽  
Jennifer M. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slaughter Age

ABSTRACTThe trial compared 50 purebred Canadian Holstein and 46 British Friesian steers. The cattle were reared on a grass/cereal system designed to achieve an overall target live-weight gain of 0·82 kg per day from weaning to slaughter at 18 months of age. The cattle, born i n September 1973, grazed during the summer of 1974 and were slaughtered out of yards from January to July 1975. Equal numbers of each breed were allocated at random to three slaughter weights (477, 500 and 523 kg live weight). The Meat and Livestock Commission measured and classified all carcasses. In addition, a sample was cut according to commercial specifications. There were no significant differences in slaughter age or live-weight gain between the breeds. A significant difference (P < 0·05) in killing-out percentage was found in favour of the British Friesian as was a small (4%) but highly significant difference (P < 0·001) in carcass gain.The Canadian Holstein carcasses were considerably longer (P < 0·001) with less eye-muscle area (P < 0·001). The British Friesian carcasses contained 0·7% more saleable meat (P < 0·001) and 1% less bone (P < 0·01). There were no significant differences in fat trim. There were large differences in live appearance and carcass classifications, the British Friesians being of superior beef conformation.

Effects of antibiotics, dried molasses distillers solubles and zeranol in all-sorghum grain rations fed to steers

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (85) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJW Gartner ◽  
PK O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Zinc Bacitracin ◽  
Sorghum Grain

A 23 factorial design was used to examine the effects of the following treatments on the productivity of steers fed in yards on an all-sorghum grain ration : nil vs. 70 mg chlortetracycline head-1 day-1; nil vs. 3 per cent dried molasses distillers solubles; nil vs. 36 mg implant of Zeranol. An additional treatment eompared zinc bacitracin with chlortetracycline. Eighteen groups each of five Hereford steers of a mean initial shrunk liveweight of 273.5 � SE 1.00 kg were used. They were slaughtered at a mean final shrunk liveweight of 399.8 � 2.97 kg. Mean results were: liveweight gain 1 .17 kg day-1, carcase weight gain 0.69 kg day-1, DM feed intake 6.91 kg day-1, feed conversion ratio 6.0. Feeding chlortetracycline resulted in increased carcase weight gain, an improved feed conversion ratio and a reduction in the number of liver abscesses. Regarding productivity, zinc bacitracin was not significantly different from chlortetracycline but it had no effect on reducing liver abscesses. Adding dried molasses distillers solubles caused a decrease in live- and carcase weight gain and an inferior feed conversion ratio. The anabolic implant Zeranol resulted in increased live- and carcase weight gain, increased DM feed intake but no significant differences in feed conversion ratio. The treatments had no effect on eye muscle area or muscle percentage of the carcases. Dried molasses distillers solubles was associated with a lower fat percentage (1 9.5 vs. 20.8 � 0.43; P <0.05). The rationsbsed resulted in an acetic to propionic ratio in ruminal fluid of 0.44 :1. There were no interactions and the usefulness of chlortetracycline and Zeranol and the poorer production using molasses distillers solubles in all-grain diets are discussed.

A note on performance traits of crossbred beef × dairy steers finished on fast- and slow-gaining feeding regimes

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspard Lalande ◽  
M. H. Fahmy
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
Feeding Regimes

SUMMARYA total of 178 castrated male cattle (steers), the progeny of Charolais, Hereford and Limousin bulls mated to Holstein-Friesian and Ayrshire cows, were raised from 8 months of age to 545 kg (slaughter weight) on fast- or slow-gaining regimes. The steers on the fast gaining regime were fed a grain mixture with little hay, while those on the slow-gaining regime grazed all summer and were wintered on hay supplemented with a little grain.The steers on the fast-gaining regime were more efficient in feed conversion ratio, had 0·42 kg per day higher live-weight gain, reached slaughter weight 306 days earlier, and had 2% higher dressing-out percentage, 5·7 mm thicker fat and 5 mm2 larger area of m.longissimus thoracis than those on the slow-gaining regime.Charolais-sired steers on both regimes had the fastest gain and were the first to reach slaughter weight. Limousin-sired steers raised on the fast-gaining regime had the highest dressing-out percentage, and the largest area of m. longissimus thoracis on both regimes. Hereford-sired steers had the thickest fat cover and the smallest area of m. longissimus thoracis. Little difference was found between the steers from Holstein and Ayrshire cows.

scholarly journals Effect of feed on the performance of upgraded Holstein Friesian bulls during fattening at BAPARD cattle farm in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-767
Author(s):  
MMH Mustafa ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Holstein Friesian

The study was conducted to find out the effect of beef cattle diet on the performance of upgraded Holstein Friesian bulls at BAPARD cattle farm in Bangladesh. For this purpose, twelve Local x Holstein-Friesian upgraded bulls (L×F) of average 20 months of age and 213 kg live weight were divided into three equal groups. Three different diets such as (i) a mixed concentrate ration (T1), (ii) mixed concentrate ration and UMS at a ratio of 1:1 on DM basis (T2) and (iii) green Grass based ration without concentrate and UMS. The results found that the average daily live weight gains of three groups was 350g, 330g and 340g respectively, which were not differ significantly (P<0.05). Daily DM intake was significantly higher in T3 but the digestibility found lower than other treatments. In case of feed conversion ratio (FCR), the highest FCR was found in T1 (2.96) but cost of per kg live weight gain was the lowest in T3 (BDT 90) compared to T1 (BDT 140) and T2 (BDT 142). Therefore, considering the FCR and cost of per unit beef production, a beef diet of green grass might be the appropriate diet for the floodplains area for Local x Holstein-Friesian upgraded bulls. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2020, 6(4): 761-767

An appraisal of performance of broiler birds fed with different commercial feed in Kano State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Mubarak Haladu ◽  
Ahmed Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Commercial Feed

The experiment was carried out to determine the overall performance and economic analysis of broiler chickens fed different commercial diets marketed in Kano metropolis. A total of 112 day-old Zertek strain of broiler chicks were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments coded as A, B, C and Din a completely randomized design. Each group was replicated 4 times with seven birds per replicate. Birds were weighed at the onset of the experiment and weekly thereafter. Feed intake and live weight gain were measured, recorded and used to determine the feed conversion ratio. The chicks were managed on a deep litter system and the experiment lasted for six weeks. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the feeding trial. Results revealed that feed intake of birds ranged from 78.5-87.3 (g/b/d), live weight gain ranged from 49.3 – 53.9 (g/b/d) while feed conversion ratio ranged between 1.59 and 1.64. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in live weight gain where birds on treatments B, C, and D were superior to birds on treatment A. The market costs of the feeds at the time of the experiment were used to calculate the feed cost (₦ / kg), total feed cost (₦), feed cost (₦ /kg gain). Feed cost ₦/kg gain was best in treatment A. Keywords: Appraisal, Performance, Broiler birds, Commercial feed, Kano state.

scholarly journals Mucuna pruriens seeds given in broiler diets on growth performance and carcass yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (16) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Ronald Herve Santos Ricalde ◽  
Luis Sarmiento Franco ◽  
Francisco Lopez Santiz ◽  
Carlos Sandoval Castro
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain

The aim of this study was to evaluated the effect of soaked Mucuna pruriens (MP) seeds in tap water, acid or alkaline solution + cooking on its L-Dopa content and on the productive performance of broiler chickens. Ninety-six sexed chicks aged 21-days old with an initial live weight of 720 ± 80 g were used. Four diets were used, a control without MP (C) and three diets including 25 % MP: a) soaked MP in tap water + cooking (WMP); b) soaked MP in acetic acid solution + cooking (AAMP); c) soaked MP in calcium hydroxide solution + cooking (CHMP). The alkaline treatment reduced 71 % of L-Dopa in comparison to acid or water treatment (53 % and 41 % respectively). In the starter phase, the acid group had the lowest live weight gain (p<0.05) and highest feed conversion ratio when compared to control (p<0.05). Productive performance of birds fed with CHMP and C group was similar (p>0.05). In the finisher phase, there was not statistical difference in feed intake, live weight gain and feed conversion ratio among treatments (p>0.05). No differences were observed in carcass yield (p>0.05), but, the birds fed MP or AAMP had a heavier liver than birds on C group (p<0.05). Results shown that 25 % of CHMP can be used as feedstuff for broiler chickens without negative effects in their productive performance. Keywords: Velvet bean, L-Dopa, Poultry, weight gain.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОМПЛЕКСНОЙ МИНЕРАЛЬНО-ВИТАМИННОЙ КОРМОВОЙ ДОБАВКИ «НАДЕЖДА» НА ПРИРОСТ ТЕЛЯТ

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
M.T. SABITOV ◽  
M.G. MALIKOVA ◽  
A.R. FARKHUTDINOVA ◽  
N.G. FENCHENKO ◽  
N.I. KHAIRULLINA
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight Gain

Изучена и научно обоснована целесообразность использования в рационах телят чернопестрой породы комплексной минеральновитаминной кормовой добавки (КМВКД), в состав которой были введеныингредиенты: обесфторенный фосфат, мел кормовой, цеолит природный, сапропель, сера кормовая, магнезит, соль поваренная, соли микроэлементов и витамины А, D, Е. В экспериментальных исследованиях, проведенных на 4 группах телят, изучили влияние скармливания КМВКД на поедаемость кормов, прирост живой массы, расход корма на получение 1 кг прироста живой массы и рассчитали экономическую эффективность ее применения. При анализе рационов телят установлено, что содержание в кормах кальция, фосфора, магния, серы и микроэлементов (марганца, меди, цинка и кобальта) пониженное. Соотношение питательных и минеральных веществ, степень их доступности для усвоения организмом животных не обеспечивает потребность в них. В исследованиях установлено, что использование КМВКД положительно отразилось на поедаемости, переваримости и усвояемости питательных веществ корма и способствовало увеличению прироста живой массы телят. У молодняка контрольной группы, потреблявшего с основным рационом минеральные подкормки по нормам, среднесуточный прирост составил 750 г, а вIопытной группе, получавшей подкормку по рецепту 1 822,2 г, воII(рецепт 2)850 г иIIIгруппе (рецепт 3)934,4 г, или на 9,63, 13,3 и 24,6 больше, чем в контроле. В опытных группах на получение 1 кг прироста живой массы израсходовано меньше кормовых единиц на 9,74, 12,14 и 19,80 сырого протеина на 11,21, 10,94 и 18,52 и переваримого на 7,65 10,95 и 18,84. Себестоимость 1 ц прироста живой массы у животных опытных групп была ниже на 4,18, 8,93 и 17,13, а рентабельность выше на 4,4, 6,2 и 10,24.The goal of the study consisted in providing scientific evidence of the expediency of using a complex mineral and vitamin feed supplement (CMVFS) comprising defluorinated phosphate, feed chalk, natural zeolite, sapropel, feed sulfur, magnesite, fine salt, salts of trace elements and vitamins A, D and E in rations for BlackandWhite calves. The experiments carried out with four calf groups investigated the effect of the CMVFS on feed intake, live weight gain, feed conversion ratio (per 1 kg of weight gain) and involved the calculation of an economic benefit of using the supplement. The analysis of calf rations has shown that the feeds have low contents of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements (manganese, copper, zinc and cobalt). The ratio of nutrients to minerals and their bioavailability do not cover the need of the animals in the elements. The study demonstrated a positive effect of the CMVFS on feed intake, the digestibility and the availability of feed nutrients and the increase of a calf live weight gain. Calves from the control group receiving standard mineral supplements in addition to a base ration had an average daily weight gain of 750 g, an average daily weight gain of calves from the experimental group I receiving the supplement according to the recipe n 1 was 822.2 g, that of calves from group II (recipe n 2)was 850 g and that of calves from group III (recipe n 3) was 934.4 g, or exceeded the control by 9.63, 13.3 and 24.6. In the experimental groups the feed conversion ratio (per 1 kg of weight gain) was less in terms of feed units by 9.74, 12.14 and 19.80 in terms of crude protein by 11.21, 10.94 and 18.52 and in terms of digestible crude protein by 7.65 10.95 and 18.84. The cost value of 1 centner of live weight gain in animals from the experimental groups was lower by 4.18, 8.93 and 17.13 and the profit was higher by 4.4, 6.2 and 10.24.

Protein, lysine and feed intake level effects on pig growth: I. Main effects

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Blair ◽  
J.B. Dent ◽  
P.R. English ◽  
J.R. Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Main Effects

SUMMARYA total of 512 pigs were given from 50 lb live weight one of 16 diets, i.e. with 4 lysine levels at each of 12, 14, 16 and 18% protein, at one of 4 levels of intake. They were killed at 100, 150, 200 or 250 lb live weight.Live-weight gain was not improved significantly by increasing the protein level above 16, 14, 12and 12%, respectively, for the 50–100, 100–150, 150–200and200–2501bstages. However, conversion of feed to live-weight gain was improved significantly during the 50–100 lb stage by increasing the protein to 18%. Gain in lean meat and in the efficiency of conversion of feed to lean meat were improved by increasing the above protein levels slightly.Live-weight gain was not improved significantly by increasing the lysine level above 1·04, 0·74, 0·70 and 0·59%, respectively, for the 50–100, 100–150, 150–200 and 200–250 lb stages. However, conversion of feed to live-weight gain was improved significantly during the 50–100 lb stage by increasing the lysine level to 1·22%. Raising the lysine level at each level of protein had no significant effect on the rate and efficiency of lean meat gain.Live-weight gain was significantly improved by increasing the level of feed intake almost to ad libitum levels for the 50–100, 100–150 and 150–200 lb stages. There was a suggestion of a similar effect in the 200–250 lb pigs although it was not statistically significant. Conversion of feed to live-weight gain was improved in the 50–100 lb pigs only by increasing the level of feed intake: in the older pigs increasing the level of feed intake caused a worsening in feed conversion ratio. Increasing the level of feed intake gave a significant improvement in rate of lean meat gain but a significant worsening in the efficiency of conversion of feed to lean meat during all stages up to 200 lb.Interaction effects of these factors and sex, on growth performance, are described.

A study of the effect of supplementing a concentrate diet with roughages of different quality on the performance of Friesian steers. II. Growth rate, efficiency of food conversion and carcass yield

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYConcentrate diets supplemented with 5, 20 and 40% high- and low-quality hay were given ad libitum to British Friesian steers from 9 weeks of age to slaughter.The performance of the animals was studied over 91 kg weight ranges from 91 to 363 kg live weight and from 9 weeks of age to slaughter. In the whole experimental period the daily live-weight gain was significantly greater on diets containing high-quality hay. There was also an increase in the daily live-weight gain in each of the weight ranges studied on diets supplemented with high-quality hay but this increase was not significant at the stage of growth from 272 to 363 kg live weight. As the level of concentrate in the diet increased there was a significant increase in the daily live-weight gain at each stage of growth studied and over the complete experimental period.The mean feed conversion ratio was greater for diets containing low-quality hay. Except during the stage of growth from 272 to 363 kg live weight the proportion of hay in the diet significantly affected the mean concentrate conversion ratio. With increasing levels of hay in the diet there was a significant increase in the total dry-matter conversion ratio.The conversion ratio of metabolizable energy was also increased on diets containing low-quality hay. The proportion of concentrate in the diet significantly affected the conversion ratio of metabolizable energy at all stages of growth studied.There were significant differences in the killing-out percentages, weight and contents of the reticulo-rumen and the omasum plus abomasum expressed as a percentage of empty body weight, with increasing levels of hay in the diet. These measurements were not significantly affected by the quality of hay in the diet.Indirect measurements of carcass composition indicated that the level of hay in the diet tended to affect the amount of fat in the carcass but the amount of lean was similar at the different ratios of concentrate to hay. The ratios of the weight of separable lean to the weight of separable bone in the 9–10–11th rib cut were similar at different levels of hay supplementation. The organoleptic appraisal of sample joints indicated that carcass quality was satisfactory.

Effects in bacon pigs of differing levels of nutrition to 20 kg. body weight

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Daily Gain

Sixteen blocks of eight littermate pigs were weaned at 3 weeks of age and each divided into four groups. Various levels of nutrition were applied to the pigs so that the four groups reached 20 kg. at 59, 68, 80 and 91 days of age, respectively.Only small differences were observed between groups in feed conversion ratio to 20 kg.; however, Group 4 required more feed per kg. gain than the three other groups.During the second period (20–90 kg.) the pigs in each group were divided into two sub-groups, which were on a high and a low plane of nutrition respectively. In both sub-groups the type of feeding before 20 kg. influenced the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. The older the pigs were at 20 kg. the higher the daily gain and the lower the feed conversion ratio in the following period. There was an increase in daily feed intake with increased age at 20 kg. for pigs fed ad lib. during the second period.An increase in age at 20 kg. caused a significant decrease in thickness of backfat, a greater area of eye muscle and a smaller area of fat overlying muscle. For pigs fed ad lib. the area of eye muscle was significantly increased by a higher age at 20 kg. live-weight.

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